Chapter 9 Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization Objective: Compare the key inventions & improvements of the Industrial Revolution. Vocabulary: Industrial Revolution, Enclosure, Crop Rotation, Industrialization, Factors of Production, Factory, & Entrepreneur New: One key change during the Industrial Revolution was how people/goods travel from one place to another. What are some ways that people or products travel today? What do you think is the most effective way?

Setting the Stage Industrial Revolution: refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the mid 1700s. Jobs like creating textiles that were woven by hand now had machines to make the process extremely efficient The Industrial Revolution eventually spread from England to Continental Europe & North America What does it mean to be efficient?

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Wealthy landowners began to buy up small farms & dramatically improved farming methods (Agricultural Revolution) Larger fields called enclosures allowed landowners to experiment with more productive seeding & harvesting methods Smaller farmers either had to become tenant farmers or move to the city Invention called the seed drill, which allowed farmers to plant seeds rather than scattering them. Why do you think they were able to experiment? Example

Rotating Crops Farmers improved upon the medieval 3-field-system Crop Rotation: system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land Livestock breeders also improved their methods by only allowing the “best” animals to breed Food supplies increased & living conditions improved One year: plant wheat (exhausts the soil nutrients) Next year: plant turnips (restores nutrients) Following year: plant barley or clover Average weight of a lamb went from 18 to 50 pounds

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England? Industrialization: process of developing machine production of goods that require resources These resources include water power, coal, iron ore, rivers, & harbors Britain had all the natural resources & an expanding economy to support industrialization Britain’s political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors Factors of production: resources including land, labor, & capital (all 3 are needed to produce goods & services) People were able to obtain bank loans to invest in new machinery Which do you think is the most important factor to have? Why?

Inventions Spur Industrialization In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry, one invention led to another Wealthy textile merchants set up machines in large buildings called factories Most factories needed waterpower, so the first ones were built near rivers & streams Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds from raw cotton One invention always led to another invention Spinning Jenny 1.5 Million pounds of cotton in 1790 after the invention it boosted to 85 million pounds in 1810

Improvements in Transportation The original steam engines gobbled great quantities of fuel, making it expensive to run James Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster & more efficiently while burning less fuel Matthew Boulton was an entrepreneur who paid Watt a salary to build better engines Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, & takes on the risks of a business What do they do on Shark Tank?

Water Transportation Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton & Watt Fulton built a steamboat called the Clermont Water transportation improved with the creation of canals (human-made waterways) Canals helped to cut the cost of transporting raw materials & finished goods Volunteer

Road Transportation John McAdam, a Scottish engineer equipped road beds with a layer of larger stone for drainage Private investors formed companies that built roads & operated them for a profit Roads were called turnpikes because people had to stop at tollgates to pay tolls before traveling farther

The Railway Age Begins George Stephenson built the world’s first railroad line from 1821 to 1825 It was 27 miles from Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea Why are railroads a revolutionary idea?

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad Entrepreneurs of Northern England wanted a railroad to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester The Rocket built by Stephenson & his son was chosen as the best locomotive for the line When the Liverpool- Manchester Railway opened in 1830, it was a huge success People competed for the job

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spurred industrial growth by allowing manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials Railroad boom created thousands of new jobs It also boosted England’s agricultural & fishing industries