Industrial Revolution: Innovations in Textiles & Transportation

Industrial Revolution: the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century (1700s), from making goods by hand to making them by machine Industrialization: the development of industries for the machine production of goods

another word for cloth, or woven fabric Textiles: cotton, linen, wool, another word for cloth, or woven fabric The way textiles were made was one of the first changes that came about during the Industrial Revolution. The innovations in textile manufacturing led to more invention and the mechanization and industrialization of other work.

the PBS video Mill Times

The Domestic System a.k.a. cottage industry Pre-Industrial Revolution (1600s – early 1700s) Cloth produced by hand at home

The Domestic System of Making Cloth

Innovations in Manufacturing Innovations in manufacturing in the late 1700s transformed the production of cloth Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process of how spinners and weavers made cloth

The Factory System Domestic System  Factory System Factory System: Manufacturing of goods concentrated in in a central location Factory system was based on: workers produce goods in a factory division of labor to speed up process keep cost of making products low mass production

In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, factories needed to be located near rivers to use water power, which limits where factories could be built

Energy Sources Before the Industrial Revolution, the main sources of energy were: human, animal, wood, and water power

Innovations in Energy Coal is a brownish-black sedimentary rock that is extracted from the earth from underground mining It can be set on fire and it burns at a high temperature for a long period of time

James Watt’s steam engine turned heat from burning coal into movement through a series of valves and gears Used to run machines at great speeds for long periods of time and on a large scale Made it possible to build factories away from coal fields

How a Steam Engine Works Animation

Major Changes in Textiles Handmade goods  machine-made goods Domestic system  factory system Producing small amounts  mass production Technological improvements & inventions Increased use of science & new forms of energy to speed up production

So what happens to the cost of items? Mass produced textiles decrease the prices with decreased prices, more people can afford the factory produced textiles people demand more factory clothing more factories are built to meet the new rising demand more people are employed in the factories

Regents MC Check for Understanding The introduction of new textile machines in England during the start of the Industrial Revolution increased the employment of textile workers because the (1) imported foreign textiles were superior to domestic textiles (2) division of labor that developed required more workers to produce the same amount of goods (3) cost of machine-made textiles fell rapidly, leading to greater demand (4) newly developed machinery was less efficient than the hand labor that it replaced

Britain’s Economic Strength Britain had an expanding economy because of its colonies Colonies provided raw materials and a market to sell to Britain had a highly developed banking system bank loans encouraged people to borrow $ & invest in new machinery

Available money + improvements in textile technology = expansion of production Factors of Production: the resources—including land, labor, and capital ($)—that are needed to produce goods and services Britain had all the factors of production to allow for the Industrial Revolution to begin

Entrepreneurial Support Inventions were expensive to make and perfect So inventors were often backed by entrepreneurs Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, & takes on the risks of a business Person who is willing to invest $ into new inventions & products in hopes of making a profit

Innovations in Transportation Growth of the textile industry led to progress in other areas As trade increased in the mid-1700s, merchants needed better methods of transportation for their goods

Turnpikes were new roads that required users to pay tolls Tolls were used to pay for road repairs and upgrades A pike was a barrier that laid across and was moved after toll was paid

Canals are man-made waterways used to transport people and goods Usually connect to a larger body of water (river, lake, sea) The need to transport heavy fuel like coal made transporting over land less effective Large canal systems were built all over England and other countries

Canals How a canal works

The steam engine was also used in transportation - steamboat first commercially successful trip in 1807 was Robert Fulton’s Clermont on the Hudson River

Locomotives (Trains) 1500s - 1700s, railroad tracks moved goods using human or animal power 1804 the steam engine was added to the locomotive

Before the locomotives, the fastest way to travel overland was on horseback Averaged 30 mph Needed frequent stops for rest Carried very little weight Use of locomotives by 1829 Averaged 29 mph (by 1929 – 120 mph) Only required fuel (like coal) to move Could pull massive load

Impact of the use of railroads: Railroad construction required vast amounts of coal, iron & steel  growth of heavy industry Created new jobs (railroad workers & coal miners) Provided cheap transportation of goods (agricultural & industrial goods) Transportation of people for work or pleasure

Industrialization by 1850