Overview on the Hemispheric Transport on POPs Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Overview on the Hemispheric Transport on POPs Sergey Dutchak EMEP/MSC-E EMEP/MSC-E

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Recent studies 1. Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic AMAP, 2002 2. Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances UNEP, 2002 3. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II 2003 4. Impact of warming ARCTIC ACIA, 2004 5. Persistent Toxic Substances, Food security, and Indigenous Peoples AMAP, 2004 6. Evaluation of B[a]P and -HCH transport from European and North American emission sources OSPAR, 2005 7. Scientific Journals 2004-2005 9. EMEP/MSC-E Reports of POPs EMEP, 2005 EMEP/MSC-E

International programmes on POPs: Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June International programmes on POPs: AMAP OSPAR HELCOM OECD . . . Protocol on POPs UN ECE Stockholm Convention UNEP POPs: PCBs, D&Fs, HCB, PAHs, -HCH, 10 pesticides New substances: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers Endosulfan, Dicofol . . . EMEP/MSC-E

Differences in physical-chemical Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Differences in physical-chemical properties of POPs -HCH PCB-153 Vegetation Vegetation Air Air Soil 4% 1% 2% Sea 1% 15% 3% Sea Soil 92% 82% Distribution of pollutants between media EMEP/MSC-E

Monitoring and Modelling Evidence of Hemispheric Transport of POPs Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Monitoring and Modelling Evidence of Hemispheric Transport of POPs Atmospheric transport Oceanic transport Riverine transport Transpolar ice transport Main transport pathways: AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic EMEP/MSC-E

Monitoring evidence of POPs transport Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Monitoring evidence of POPs transport AMAP, EMEP, OSPAR UNEP – under development EMEP/MSC-E

Time series of HCB, -HCH and PCBs in Arctic air Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Time series of HCB, -HCH and PCBs in Arctic air HCB -HCH PCB10 AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic EMEP/MSC-E

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in ringed seals, in the Canadian Arctic, pg/g ww AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic EMEP/MSC-E

New substances to the Protocol on POPs Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June New substances to the Protocol on POPs Worldwide PeBDE production, kt/yr PeBDE concentration, ng/g lw Production Beluga Ringed seal Trends of ΣPeBDE in ringed seals and beluga in the Canadian Arctic and global production AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic EMEP/MSC-E

Monitoring evidence of transport Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Monitoring evidence of transport Comments: Available monitoring data in remote regions of the Northern Hemisphere clearly show that POPs: are global pollutants are accumulated in different environment compartments and in some species, particularly in marine mammals. Needs: - Long term observations in different environmental compartments on hemispheric scale - Exchange of measurement data between international programmes - Agreed monitoring strategy on global level - Measurement campaigns EMEP/MSC-E

Model evidence of POPs hemispheric transport CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODEL Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Model evidence of POPs hemispheric transport CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODEL BOX MODELS ChemRange CliMoChem GLOBO-POP Canada SimpleBox Netherlands EVN-BETR and UK-MODEL ELPOS Germany G-CIEMS Japan } Switzerland CAM/POPs MEDIA DEHM-POP Denmark MSCE-POP EMEP/MSC-E ADOM-POP Germany HYSPLIT 4 USA } Canada UK EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 1/2004 EMEP/MSC-E

Typical structure of POP multicompartment models Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Typical structure of POP multicompartment models EMEP/MSC-E

Model evidence of POPs hemispheric transport Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Model evidence of POPs hemispheric transport Compound Outflow% B[a]P ~ 30 PCDD/Fs ~ 50 PCBs g-HCH ~ 70 HCB ~ 80 EMEP region Outflow EMEP/MSC-E

EMEP Multicompartment Hemispheric Transport Model (MSCE-POP-Hem) Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June EMEP Multicompartment Hemispheric Transport Model (MSCE-POP-Hem) Atmospheric transport EMEP Horizontal grid structure: 2.52.5 Atmospheric vertical grid structure EMEP/MSC-E

Distribution of emission sources in the Northern Hemisphere, 1996 Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Distribution of emission sources in the Northern Hemisphere, 1996 PCB-153 -HCH Expert estimates EMEP/MSC-E

Annual deposition in 2002 -HCH B[a]P EMEP/MSC-E Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Annual deposition in 2002 -HCH B[a]P EMEP/MSC-E

Comparison of modelling results with monitoring data Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Comparison of modelling results with monitoring data European sites, PCB-153 3 Arctic sites, PCB-153 3 30 3.5 3 Observed 25 Observed 2.5 Model Model 20 2 15 1.5 Mean annual concentrations, pg/m Mean annual concentrations, pg/m 10 1 0.5 5 Alert 93 Alert 94 Dunai 93 Pallas 96 Svanvik 92 Tagish 92 Tagish 93 Tagish 94 Storhofdi 95 Storhofdi 96 Karvatn 92 Rorvik 94 Rorvik 95 Rorvik 96 Ny Alesund 92 Ny Alesund 93 Ny Alesund 94 Hazelrigg 93 Hazelrigg 94 Hazelrigg 95 Kosetice 96 EMEP/MSC-E

Comparison of hemispheric and regional models Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Comparison of hemispheric and regional models resolution: 2.5ox2.5o resolution: 50x50 km2 Deposition fluxes of -HCH to OSPAR region, 2000 (North Atlantic) EMEP/MSC-E

Intercontinental transport of PCB-153 from North American sources Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Intercontinental transport of PCB-153 from North American sources Air concentrations EMEP/MSC-E

Seasonal variability January March July Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Seasonal variability January March July Monthly averages of PCB-153 surface atmospheric concentrations caused by sources from North-western Europe EMEP/MSC-E

Source-receptor relationships Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Source-receptor relationships Deposition to the Arctic Canadian Arctic Deposition to the Arctic South-eastern North-western Asia Africa and North America Europe Russia Central Asia 3% 21% 18% 5% 39% South- South-eastern North America eastern Europe 17% 17% Europe 15% Africa and Central Asia South- Russia North-western Europe eastern 11% 40% Asia 8% 6% Contributions of main source groups to PCBs deposition to the Arctic EMEP/MSC-E

POP ocean transport model Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June POP ocean transport model EMEP/MSC-E

PCB-153 concentrations in the upper 100 m layer of ocean, ng/m3 Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June PCB-153 concentrations in the upper 100 m layer of ocean, ng/m3 1985 2000 EMEP/MSC-E

Sea currents, relative units Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Sea currents, relative units 1st year 10th year Changes of concentrations of PCB-153 in seawater during 10 years (European source) EMEP/MSC-E

Sea currents, relative units Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Sea currents, relative units 1st year 10th year Changes of concentrations of PCB-153 in seawater during 10 years (American source) EMEP/MSC-E

Changes in mean annual concentrations in the upper layer, ng/m3 Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June River flux of -HCH ~ 30% of total input to the Arctic Ocean Changes in mean annual concentrations in the upper layer, ng/m3 EMEP/MSC-E

POP transport with the sea ice Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June POP transport with the sea ice Main ice transport directions Mean annual rate of ice melting in the Arctic, mm/day EMEP/MSC-E

γ-HCH Input into Arctic Ocean, t/y Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June γ-HCH Input into Arctic Ocean, t/y 2002 Rivers Atmosphere 37% 25% Sea currents Ice+Snow Pacific ocean Atlantic ocean 21% 3% 14% EMEP/MSC-E

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Climate change Changes associated with temperature, precipitation, ice cover and with ecosystems have a great potential to alter pathways of POPs. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II EMEP/MSC-E

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Climate change Increases in annual average arctic temperature projected by an average of ACIA models for A2 and B2 emissions scenarios ~ 5-7oC ACIA – Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Impacts of a Warming Arctic: ACIA. Highlights [2004] EMEP/MSC-E

Climate change and hemispheric transport Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Climate change and hemispheric transport Wet deposition velocity via temperature Gas/particle partitioning for three POPs (temperature dependence) 0.25 100% 0.2 80% t, cm/s 0.15 60% PCBs 50% d we 0.1 Fraction of particulate phase V 40% 0.05 PCB-153 20% 0% 5 10 15 20 25 30 -20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 T, C T, o C POPs behaviour is strongly temperature dependent EMEP/MSC-E

Satellite Data on Changes of Sea Ice Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Satellite Data on Changes of Sea Ice Impacts of a Warming Arctic: ACIA. Highlights [2004] EMEP/MSC-E

Climate change with sea ice without sea ice Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Climate change with sea ice without sea ice Annual average concentration of PCB-153, pg/L in the upper sea layer for 1996 EMEP/MSC-E

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Conclusions Most of the total quantity of POPs measured in the Arctic environment is derived from distant source of Northern Hemisphere The atmosphere often predominates initially as a rapid transporting medium but with time other slower-moving (ocean) or stationary media (lake water, soil, vegetation) become the dominant reservoirs or transporting media. Multicompartment transport models could generate information on global/hemispheric transport including intercontinental transport, source-receptor relationships, seasonal variability, transport with sea currents, etc. EMEP/MSC-E

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June Atmospheric transport, ocean currents, ice cover, and water-air exchange of POPs are all subject to alteration as a results of climate change. Close cooperation of various international bodies and national experts in the field of emission inventories and projections, monitoring and modeling is highly appreciated. EMEP/MSC-E