Warm Up – November 28 Test Review

UNIT 9: THE COLD WAR

UNIT 9: The Cold War ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Former Allies Clash US USSR Capitalism – private citizens controlled almost all economic activity POTUS and Congress elected by the people from opposing parties Furious Stalin supported Hitler for a period of time USSR Communist dictatorship – state controlled all property and economic activity Stalin established a totalitarian government with no opposing parties Stalin resented the western Allies for waiting so long to attack Germany directly Frustrated that the US kept the atomic bomb development secret

The United Nations April 25, 1945 – 50 nations met in San Francisco, CA to establish new peace keeping body  June 26, 1945 – United Nations charter signed Intended to keep peace, but US and USSR used it as a forum to spread influence over others UN has four goals: To keep peace throughout the world; To develop friendly relations among nations; To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms; To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

The Potsdam Conference July 1945 – Big Three (US, USSR, Britain) met at final wartime conference in Potsdam, Germany 4 things had changed since Yalta Conference in Feb 1945 USSR occupied eastern Europe New British Prime Minister - Attlee New POTUS – Truman US tested atomic bomb USSR prevented free elections in Poland (violation of Yalta Conference compromises)  Truman angered Spread of democracy/self-determination in eastern Europe halted Hard to sell US goods to eastern European countries

Stalin and Eastern Europe USSR felt justified in dominating eastern Europe Huge war deaths (20M), many civilians Physical destruction caused by warfare Wanted to stop future invasions Stalin set up communist gov’ts in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Poland  satellite nations (countries dominated by USSR) 1946 – Stalin gives speech Communism and capitalism incompatible Another war inevitable

Goals: US vs. USSR US USSR Self-determination for all nations Gain access to raw materials and markets for industries (unrestricted trade) Rebuild European countries and economies  stability and new markets Reunite Germany and ensure productivity USSR Encourage communism Rebuild economy using satellite nations’ raw materials Control eastern Europe to balance US influence in western Europe Keep Germany divided to prevent future threats

Containment and the Iron Curtain Time to stop “babying the Soviets” – Truman Feb 1946 – policy of containment – taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries West Europe vs. East Europe = “iron curtain”

Cold War Cold War – conflict between the US and USSR between 1945-1991 in which neither nation directly confronted the other on a battlefield

Truman Doctrine US and Britain need to prevent communism in Greece and Turkey, but Britain broke  US takes charge March 1947, Truman and Congress allocated $400M in economic and military aid to Turkey and Greece “It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside aggressors.”  Truman Doctrine – policy of providing aid to free nations threatened by internal/external opponents

Marshall Plan European countries in postwar devastation and may look to Stalin for help… 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall  Marshall Plan US provides aid to all European countries that need it “not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” – Marshall Revived Europe, by 1952… 16 countries received $13B in aid Western Europe flourishing, preventing spread of Communism

Conflict Over Germany 1948 – 4 sections combined into 2 West Germany (and West Berlin) – US, Britain, France East Germany (and East Berlin) – USSR Stalin closed rail access to West Berlin  no food or fuel, enough to last 5 weeks Berlin Airlift – 327 day operation in which US and British planes flew food and supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet blockade in 1948-49 277,000 flights 2.3 million tons of supplies

NATO Alliance vs. Warsaw Pact 1949 West Germany Federal Republic of Germany (included West Berlin) East Germany  German Democratic Republic, USSR controlled (included East Berlin) April 4, 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed Belgium, Denmark, France, Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, US, and Canada (later Greece, Turkey, and West Germany) Pledged military support to each other in the event of an attack First time in history the US entered a military alliance during peacetime  No more US isolationism! 1955 – Warsaw Pact – military alliance between USSR and 7 eastern European nations

TOD – November 28 Answer the following questions on a post it: 1. Term given to the conflict between the US and USSR between 1945-1991 in which neither nation directly confronted the other on a battlefield 2. What were the two conflicting political ideologies of the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War? 3. How did the goals of the United States and Soviet Union differ during the Cold War? 4. What was the Truman Doctrine? 5. What was the Marshall Plan? 6. What two alliances were formed during the Cold War?