1. The Cold War:
Chapter Eighteen

2. Cold War Objective
To understand international and domestic tension resulting from the Cold War

3. Origins of the Cold War
Section One

4. What was the Cold War?
USA and USSR had extremely different economic and political beliefs
These two superpowers were the political and military leaders of the world who had considerable influence
Both wanted world domination and would do anything short of nuclear “hot” war
Both would use the threat of
force, propaganda, and
military or economic
influence in regions

5. The Ideological Struggle
US & the Western Democracies
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations (“Iron Curtain”)
GOAL → “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world
GOAL → spread world-wide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage (KGB vs. CIA)
Arms Race (nuclear escalation)
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples (Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy)
Bi-Polarization of Europe (NATO vs. Warsaw Pact)

6. Proxy War
Proxy War:wars where there was no direct fighting between the USA and the USSR but done through
their potential friends or allies

7. The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

8. Truman Doctrine (1947)
The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid
Turkey under pressure from the
USSR for concessions in the
Dardanelles
American military would be available to any nation threatened by communism

9. was to contain the spread of Communism **
Truman Doctrine (1947)
** Truman Doctrine’s main goal
was to contain the spread of Communism **

10. Marshall Plan (1948)
“European Recovery Program”
WWII severely weakened the European
economies
The USA feared an economic collapse
would lead to the spread of communism
The U.S. depended on these allies for
support
Secretary of State George Marshall
“The U. S. should provide aid to ALL European nations
that need it. This move is not against any country or
doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and
chaos. I propose an economic aid program that will see
the USA give $13 billion over 4 yrs.”
Western nations accept $$$, stabilize their economies and
grow closer to the USA and away from Communism

11. Marshall Plan (1948)
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, but this was rejected
Eastern nations unite under Soviet aid

12. Post-War Germany

13. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Berlin Blockade - Soviets stripped their zone of all of its resources
France, Great Britain, and USA give economic aid to their zones eventually united them into West Berlin. The capital of West Germany was Bonn.
Stalin wants these nations to pull out of West Berlin which they do not
The Berlin Blockade ( )
The Berlin Airlift - food and supplies dropped to the people of West Berlin
In response, the Soviets established East Germany with its capital of East Berlin

14. Berlin Airlift Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, 1948
From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin
After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade

15. The Arms Race: The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

16. NATO and the Warsaw Pact
NATO is a western military alliance (1949)
In response, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies sign a communist military alliance called the WARSAW PACT (1955)
Soviets use the PACT to not only defend Eastern Europe but to also strengthen its hold on them.

17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

18. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

19. Warsaw Pact
Nations that were under Soviet control under the Warsaw Pact were called Satellite Nations

20. The Bipolarization of Europe

21. Premier Nikita Khrushchev
“About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you”

22. Essential Question
Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions.
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section