1. The Cold War ( )
J.A.SACCO

2. Superpower Aims in Europe
United States
Encourage democracy/ prevent communism
Gain access to raw materials to fuel industry
Rebuilt European nations to promote stability and create markets
Reunite Germany to stabilize security in Europe
Soviet Union
Encourage Communism in other nations as part of a worldwide revolution.
Rebuild U.S.S.R. economy by using E.Europe raw materials
Control E. Europe to protect Soviet borders and balance U.S. influence in W. Europe
Keep Germany divided to prevent war again in Europe

3. The Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]
US & the Western Democracies
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

4. The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

5. Post-War Germany

6. How to Contain the Soviets and Communism?
Arms Race- Soviets test first A-Bomb in U.S. Congress passes Atomic Energy Act to oversee nuclear weapons research
Policy of Containment- To economically, politically, and militarily to control the spread of Communism. (Sec. of State- George Kennan)
Truman Doctrine

7. Truman Doctrine [1947] Civil War in Greece.
Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.
“The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.”
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

8. Marshall Plan [1948] “European Recovery Program.”
Secretary of State, George Marshall
The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

9. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
1948- Brit./Fr./U.S. combine zones and form West Germany
June 24, Soviets oppose this action. Block all roads, canals, RR’s to from West Berlin to West Germany. Soviets hope to drive Western forces out of Berlin

10. Berlin Airlift (1949)
Lasted 10 months- 2 million tons of food/supplies to West Berlin
May Soviets lift blockade/ embarrassment to them
West Germany
(Federal Republic of Germany)
East Germany
(German Democratic Republic)
* On top of economic security/ add military security

11. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

12. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania