Complete the key terms and people for the scientific revolution. Answer questions from last class: Why didn’t they just join the Reformation? Answer short answer questions from DBQ: What conflicts developed in societies with the birth of modern science? How did these conflicts change society? Who benefitted and who was harmed by these changes? OPENER

Name some basic ideas of our government. Do you know where these ideas come from? WARM UP!

Thomas Hobbes John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau Voltaire LEADERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

With influences from Scientific Revolution, ideas began to expand beyond the world of science Many people wanted to apply reason and natural law to all aspects of society Scientific Revolution paved the way for a new movement called the Enlightenment or Age of Reason This new way of thinking influenced other young philosophers all around the world (a small minority of people) ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment: The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17 th and 18 th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress. Reason: the methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life Philosophes: a group of influential intellectuals who proudly proclaimed that they, at long last, were bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures DEFINITIONS

Four central concepts stand at the core of the Enlightenment: Using reason (sometimes referred to as the Age of Reason) Using the scientific method to discover the laws of human society as well as those of nature (social science) The idea of progress Nothing was to be accepted on faith! ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment started with key ideas from two English political thinkers: Thomas Hobbes John Locke Both men experienced extreme hardships in the English Civil War that helped form their opinions on society and government THE BEGINNING…

THOMAS HOBBES

Wrote The Leviathan (1651) Argued that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked Believed in a powerful government to control people from their own natural, brute state of nature Without government to keep order, life would be “poor, nasty, and short.” THOMAS HOBBES

Relationship between the ruler and the people was the social contract Agreements where people give up their freedoms for an organized society Ruler/gov’t needed to keep citizens under control Best form of government = absolute monarch, one that will impose order and obedience SOCIAL CONTRACT

JOHN LOCKE

Wrote The Two Treatises on Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) The human mind at birth is like a blank tablet (tabula rasa) on which the environment write the individual’s understandings and beliefs. Believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves Believed people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs to look after the welfare of society; All people were born free and equal JOHN LOCKE

All people are born with three natural rights: Life Liberty Property People form gov’t to protect their natural rights Governments job was to protect those rights Supported the idea that if a government fails to protect people’s natural rights, the people have a right to overthrow the gov’t NATURAL RIGHTS

Best form of gov’t had limited power and was accepted by all citizens Rejected the idea of an absolute monarchy Locke’s ideas would influence leaders of American Revolution in their fight to break from England's control Influenced Thomas Jefferson’s “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” JOHN LOCKE

BARON DE MONTESQUIEU

Wrote On the Spirit of the Laws (1748) Promote liberty and prevent tyranny Believed England had the best government of his day because different people were in charge of different parts of the government Montesquieu called this separation of powers which he felt should be separated into 3 branches: Legislative Executive Judicial BARON DE MONTESQUIEU

He said that separation of powers prevents one person from gaining too much power Each branch would be a check to the other – this would later be known as “checks and balances” SEPARATION OF POWERS

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

Wrote The Social Contract (1762) Believed people were naturally good; Evils of society corrupted peoples natural goodness (ex. Property distribution) Only good government was one freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society – a direct democracy Some gov’t control was necessary but should be minimal The good of the community as a whole should be placed above the individual JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

Rousseau's social contract differed from Hobbes in the following way… Hobbes = agreement between society and government Rousseau = agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government; the people follow the rules they set up in their government, the leaders of the government protect the people JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

VOLTAIRE

Real name: Francois Marie Arouet, pen name: Voltaire Believed in religious tolerance, freedom of religion and freedom of speech Separation of church and state was extremely important His attacks on religion earned him many punishments including jail time (arrested twice) VOLTAIRE

Admired Isaac Newton, by saying: “It is the man who sways our minds by the prevalence of reason and the native force of truth, not they who reduce mankind to a state of slavery by force and downright violence… that claims our reverence and admiration.” VOLTAIRE

Pessimistically concluded that the best one could hope for in the way of government was a good monarch, since human beings “are very rarely worthy to govern themselves” Monarch should protect his people The only realistic equality for the time was that “by which the citizen only depends on the laws which protect the freedom of the feeble against the ambitions of the strong” VOLTAIRE

Enlightenment challenged assumptions about government and society, but it took a more serious approach towards women Girls education was dedicated to how to run a household and be a mother Women who contributed were not recognized by the Royal Academy of Sciences WOMEN OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Mary Wollstonecraft published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 In her essay she pushed for women to become more educated and more involved in government Women also helped spread Enlightenment ideas in parlors WOMEN OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Confidence that human reason can solve social problems Inspired the American and French Revolutions in 1800’s Influenced new developing nations and colonies Declaration of Independence (American Revolution) Constitution of the United States United States Bill of Rights IMPACT OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Include: 1.Who influenced the document. 2.What ideas from the Enlightenment thinker were included in the document. Write those down with bullet points. 3.Why was that thinker was important in creating that document? RELATION TO U.S. HISTORY

1.Line up by order of birthdays. January starting by the door, ending with December on the side of the room. 2.Each group will have 4 group members. There are 4 documents in the packet. Each group member will be responsible for choosing a document and answering the questions for that document. 3.When finished with the actual document page, the group member will then fill in the chart on the second handout. 4.When all group members are finished, share your knowledge to fill in the rest of the chart. DBQ GROUP ACTIVITY