1. Philosophical movement taking place in the 17 th and 18 th centuries in which thinkers applied the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society Enlightenment defined by Philosophers Organized by As people began questioning the accepted beliefs, more people became upset with how the government treated them caused byLeading to Revolutions taking place in several countries At least three different philosophers and their view on government. Three events that demonstrate the questioning of accepted beliefs. At least three different political revolutions that resulted from the Enlightenment.

2. Enlightenment 5 W’s and H Who: Philosophers What: Philosophical movement that focused on ways to create a government that protected the rights of individuals. Applied the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society (reason = the ability to think and draw conclusions). When: Late 17 th and 18 th Century Where: Europe (primarily in France) Why: People were upset with how they were being treated by the government. How: Revolutions took place in several countries to change their government.

3. Thomas Hobbes What type of government did Hobbes believe in? Wanted an Absolute Monarchy What was the name of Hobbes written work and what did the name mean? Wrote the book Leviathan “Sea Monster”- wanted rulers to act like a monster What was the Social Contract Theory? People give up their rights and in return those people gain law and order Famous Quotes: Without government, “war... Of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Views on Government: It was necessary to keep order Opinion of people: Humans were naturally selfish and wicked

4. John Locke What type of government did Locke believe in? Democracy Written Work: Two Treatises on Government What were the three Natural Rights? Life, Liberty, and Property What did Locke believe was the purpose of government and what could citizens do with their rights weren’t being taken care of? The purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people. If the government fails to do so, citizens have a right to overthrow it.

5. Francois Marie Arouet “Voltaire” Baron de Montesquieu Who were Voltaire’s usual opponents? Clergy, aristocracy and the government What did Voltaire fight for? Tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. Famous Quote: “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” In Britain, who held executive power and what power did they have? British King and ministers (carried out the laws of the state). Who held legislative power and what power did they have? Parliament (made the laws) Who held judicial power and what power did they have? House of Lords or Supreme Court (interpret the laws). Written Work: On the Spirit of Laws Why separation of powers? To prevent one person or group from gaining to much power.

6. Jean Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft What were Wollstonecraft views on education? Women, like men, need education to be useful Written Work: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman What type of government did Wollstonecraft believe in? Direct Democracy What did Rousseau believe corrupted people? Civilization What type of democracy did Rousseau favor? Direct Democracy Written Work: The Social Contract What impact did Rousseau have upon France during the late 18 th century? His ideas inspired many of the leaders of the French Revolution. Famous Quote: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”