Chapter 2 Notes Mr. Williams August 28 th 2015

 After Columbus’ successful voyages, Spanish Conquistadors looked to subdue the native people and establish colonies for Spain  The ultimate Spanish goal was to extract as much gold as possible to send back to Spain, but they also grew some crops such as sugar cane

 The Aztecs were located in the American mainland and made up of over a million subjects  Not only did they have the largest society in the world at that time, but they also built the worlds largest and most sophisticated city- Tenochtitlan  Montezuma - was the Aztec emperor

 Hearing of vast amounts of gold possessed by the most powerful tribe in the land, Hernan Cortes and 600 other conquistadors set out to find the gold and defeat the tribe. The Spanish were ultimately successful for 3 reasons 1. Disease wiped out a majority of the Aztecs 2. Montezuma thought the Spanish were gods, therefore submitted to their authority 3. Spanish had superior weapons

 The Spanish renamed Tenochtitlan Mexico City and it became the center of their American colony.  In 1513 Ponce De Leon led an expedition to explore the north  He called the new land he found La Florida  St. Augustine  established in 1565 as an outpost against pirates. (oldest city in the U.S.)

 In 1540 Fransisco Coronado led a Spanish expedition looking for Gold to the north west of Mexico City (southwest U.S.)  Later in the 1500’s and early 1600’s many catholic priest followed Coronado and set up missions communities in “New Mexico”

 Most of the Spanish people who came to the America’s were men  Their goals for coming were to obtain wealth, then travel back to Spain with their new wealth and social status and live comfortably  Very few Spanish (or any European) women came to the America’s so it was common for Peninsular’s and Mestizo’s to marry Native women (both terms defined on following page)  Peninsular– White people of Spanish heritage born in Spain  Creole– White people of Spanish heritage born in the America’s  Mestizo– People of mixed Spanish and native heritage  Mulatto - people of mixed Spanish (European) and African heritage

 Because the lack of Gold in the region, the Spanish didn’t have much desire to explore the north region any further.  As a result, French and English sent expeditions to explore North America.  English explorers – John Cabot (1497) Henry Hudson (1610)  French Cartier(1534) Verranzano (1524), La Salle(1679) Joilet and Marquette(1672)  ** The English defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, thus opening the door for English and French colonization in the North America

 In 1587 The Virginia Company sent an expedition, led by john Smith, to found a colony in the America’s  The Roanoke colony failed and John Smith was one of the only survivors.  In 1607, the first English Colony was established in Jamestown (Virginia)

 The first English colony In America struggled to survive from the first landing along the James River.  Life was very harsh and within months less than 40 of the original 150 colonists were still living.  Why did the colony almost fail?  Location was horrible  Swampy area, with lots of humidity led to disease(malaria)  Lack of descent drinking water also led to disease.  Lack of food  Skills of colonists  Most colonist were businessmen, very few were farmers or builders  Most lacked wilderness survival skills

 Captain John Smith saved the colony from dying out by trading with the local Powhatan natives and adopting their farming techniques.  Over time colonists experimented growing tobacco  Tobacco came to be referred as “Brown Gold” and was extremely successful –  **Tobacco not only saved Virginia, but also encouraged the settlement of other colonies.

 Tobacco growers needed people to work the fields.  Indentured Servants – A person usually of lower social status, bound themselves to work for a company / planter in return for passage to America  Term of labor was usually 4 to 7 years  African Slaves were also imported to meet the demand and later led to the huge trading of slaves known as the Atlantic Slave trade.

 The main goal of the English was land and growing cash crops.  Unlike the Spanish colonies, most English colonists were permanent settlers  Most English colonists were lower class looking to acquire land in order to raise their social status.  English colonists did not intermarry with natives and brought wives and single English Women with them.

 As more colonists arrived, They moved on to new land, which angered the nearby Powhatan tribes  Natives started attacking English settlements  The King takes over the colony (Royal Charter) and sends troops and supplies to protect colonists.  Native population in Virginia gradually declines while English in Va. Steadily increases  In 1644 there are 10,000 English colonists in Va.

 Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon leads a “army” of poor, landless, settlers and marched to Jamestown to confront leaders about grievances from the lower classes.  Reflected social problems between English colonists  The main issues were protection from Natives, and taxes

 Puritans – Separatists' of the Church of England who felt that the church was too much like the Catholic church and wanted to purify it.  Pilgrims – a group of puritans who came to America in 1620, to escape persecution and set up a Puritan colony  These Pilgrims set up the second permanent English colony at Plymouth Rock in  John Winthrop and other Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay colony and landed in Boston in 1630.

 Roger Williams spoke out against colonists taking native land without purchasing it and the Mass. Colony punishing colonists for religious beliefs.  Because of this he was banished from Mass.  He fled South and established a new colony called Providence, which later became the larger colony of Rhode Island.  Williams guaranteed true religious freedoms and separation of church and state.  Anne Hutchison was also banished from Mass. And fled to Dutch controlled New York colony.

 Just as in Virginia, land was also the center of the conflicts between Puritans and Natives.  Pequot War  Pequot nation started fighting against colonists continued expansion onto their lands  Colonists, in turn, allied with rival tribes of the Pequot.  In 1637 Colonists and native allies surrounded a Pequot fort on Mystic River and set it on fire  Colonists shot men, women, and children ad they tried to escape or surrender. ( total)

 King Phillips War  –Tired of submitting to Puritans and their laws Metacom (King Phillip) – a chief of the Wampanoag, organized a rebellion against Mass. Puritans  For over a year Metacom used hit and run tactics to kill almost 10 % of the English population in New England, although he was eventually killed and lost the war.

 In 1621 Dutch founded their first American colony in what is today New York.  New Netherlands was the name of the colony and New Amsterdam became the capital of the colony.  James, duke of York, received permission from the King to drive the Dutch out. (He later became King James 2)  After he was successful he renamed it New York

 William Penn received a grant of land north of Virginia from the King  Penn wanted his colony to be a place for Quakers and their beliefs  Quaker - A religious group persecuted for their beliefs in England.  Services without ministers - people could speak freely  Opposed war and didn’t serve in the military  Dressed plainly and didn’t humble themselves to rich  Peaceable relations with natives for over 50 years b/c of mutual respect  Penn set up a court to settle conflicts

 Maryland  1632 The King granted Lord Baltimore land for a colony.  He named it after the queen (Henrietta Maria) strong Catholic presence, but also was famous for its religious toleration.  Delaware  Southern 3 counties of Pennsylvania that created their own colony  North and South Carolina  In 1663 King Charles II gave land south of Virginia to several influential people.  This land became  Georgia  In 1732 James Oglethorpe received a charter to establish a colony for debtors to work off debt.  The Colony was name after King George

 Southern  Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia  New England  Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire  Middle  New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland