2. CH 1 SEC 2 EUROPEAN COLONIES IN AMERICA

3. I. EUROPEAN EXPLORERS IN THE AMERICAS After the treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, the Spanish sent conquistadors looking for wealth and power. The monarchy of Spain directly controlled the colonies, but delegated power out to certain groups of people. They created the encomienda system, where the land owners also controlled the people living on the land.

4. I. EUROPEAN EXPLORERS IN THE AMERICAS Your ancestry also determined your place in society. Peninsulares – born in Spain, top of society Creoles – born in the Americas of pure Spanish descent Mestizos – mix of Spanish and Native American Mulattos – mix of Spanish and African Africans Indians

5. I. EUROPEAN EXPLORERS IN THE AMERICAS Another aspect of the Spanish conquest was the conversion of the native populations to Christianity. In California, the mission system was set up by Junipero Serra starting in San Diego and ending in Sonoma. Other nations were exploring the New World, but no one challenged the Spanish until the Spanish Armada was defeated by England in 1588. After that, the doorway was open for the other nations to set up their own colonies in North America.

6. II. ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA The some English colonies were not directly controlled by the monarchy, but were economic ventures supported by the government. The first colony at Roanoke did not survive, but Jamestown was able to establish a foothold in Virginia through the efforts of John Smith and John Rolfe. The first legislature in America will be formed in Virginia, and slavery will take over indentured servitude as the main source of labor for the tobacco farmers.

7. III. THE NORTHERN COLONIES The Pilgrims were experiencing persecution in England, and sought a place to practice their religion in freedom. They decided to travel to America to establish their own colony. They landed in Massachusetts, signed the Mayflower Compact, and formed Plymouth colony. Half of the colonists died the first winter due to malnutrition and cold. The Wampanoag Indians taught them how to plant corn and other produce that allowed them to eventually survive the harsh New England terrain.

8. III. THE NORTHERN COLONIES Puritans then began to settle in New England. They established the city of Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the colony began to grow. The strict religious and social rules in the Massachusetts Bay Colony caused some people to leave and establish new colonies at Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Religious freedom and democratic government were key points to many who moved to New England.

9. IV. THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES The middle colonies were proprietary colonies, owned by individuals, unlike the royal colonies or the charter colonies. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania were giving by Charles II to reward friends or pay off debts. New York was originally a Dutch settlement, but the British basically stole it from them. Many groups from all over Europe had settled in New York, and it was the most diverse of all the English colonies.

10. IV. THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn for the Quakers. He wanted them to have freedom to practice their religion. Maryland was established as a haven for English Catholics who felt persecuted in England by the Anglican church. The Carolinas started as one colony, but split due to tensions between the small farmers in the North, and the large plantation farmers in the south.

11. IV. THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES Georgia was established as a buffer between the English colonies and Spanish Florida. It started as a colony for the poor and underprivileged, and protected farmers in South Carolina from raids by the Native Americans living in Florida.

12. IN YOUR NOTEBOOKS Draw a map of the 13 colonies, and list the characteristics of the different regions. Full page, in color.