1. Absolute Monarchs RULE because of…

2. D I V N E R G H T

3. Development of Absolute Monarchies when feudalism collapsed, kings/queens believe all power rests in their hands

4. What is feudalism? a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return

5. Intense competition for land and trade lead to many wars, religious differences sparked civil wars
17th century (1600s) was a period of huge upheaval in Europe so monarchs impose order by increasing own power

6. Vs. Huguenots vs. Catholics b/w 1562 and 1598 Huguenots (French Protestants) and Catholics fought 8 religious wars

7. In Spain, Phillip II defended Catholicism against Muslims of Ottoman Empire. His country was weakened by war and poor economic choices from colonies.

8. Nantes- Issued by Henry IV in 1598 the Edict of Nantes which promised religious toleration of Huguenots (Protestants) in France.

9. Everything! LOUIS the XIV (14th) Became king in 1643, cancels Edict of Nantes “L’Etat c’est moi!”= “ I am the State” $$$ = LUXURY for King, not his people: it was to glorify himself Nobles have social prestige ONLY – NO POWER!

10. Louis XIV: ( )

11. The Sun King’s Palace at Versailles

12. Louis XIV Loved to Spend Money!!!
The Chapel at Versailles
The Hall of Mirrors
The Queen’s Bedroom
The King’s Bedroom

13. Religious conflict – The Thirty Years War Peace of Augsburg 1555: German princes choose religion within their territories Protestant and Catholic Princes watched each other and Calvinists suspiciously

14. It lasted 30 years… War began in 1618: Religious, territorial, & political conflict between Europe’s ruling families : Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War

15. German territories are devastated b/c of 30 Yrs
German territories are devastated b/c of 30 Yrs. War: Trade & agriculture are destroyed, population loss of 4 million, economy ruined

16. Hapsburgs still remained a powerful European monarchy despite losses from 30 Yrs. War Formed a strong Catholic nation in Austria led by leader, Maria Theresa

17. Threat to Austria’s power and dominance is Prussia

18. Prussia 1640 - Frederick William inherits throne of Prussia
HUGE army (taxes everyone)  rigid, military society
weakened the power of officials & certain territories
Junkers (landowners) challenge Frederick’s absolutism  he makes them officers in the army  they get power & prestige  he gets their support
FREDERICK II (“The Great”) continued military policies of dad, but loosened some laws b/c he was an enlightened despot & believed he should act as a father to his people
expansionist – wants control of Austrian land w/ many resources ($ & trade)  invades in War of Austrian Succession
New alliances are formed – Austria signs treaty w/ France; Prussia joins Britain & Russia to balance the power

19. Russia 1613 – Romanov family rules RUSSIA
1696 Peter the Great becomes czar (tsar)
serfs cannot leave land  boyars (landowners) powerful!
Peter embarks on “Great Embassy” mission to explore parts of Western
Europe to learn about industry, education & science
Wants to compete militarily & commercially westernization
Centralizes power becomes head of Church & reduces the power of
boyars by giving away their land to lower-class families to ensure loyalty
from larger groups of the population
huge army w/assistance from Europeans raises taxes
opened schools for arts & sciences; starts 1st newspaper
allowed women to attend public social gatherings
forces nobles to dress western & cut their beards
seaport on Baltic Sea for trade & travelSt. Petersburg
Russia

20. AND IN….

21. E N G L A D

22. E -Elizabeth dies (without an heir)
Elizabeth’s cousin: King James I ( ) is King (absolute monarch)
“Kings are justly called gods, for that they exercise a manner of resemblance of divine power upon Earth”
Struggles over $ = Gets rid of Parliament
Raises taxes, wages war
James (a Calvinist) persecutes Puritan (those who want to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic influences)

23. N - Needing Parliament
Charles I (son of James I) inherits throne & rules without Parliament
Charles needs $$ from Parliament for wars with Spain & France
Parliament tries to limit power of Charles  forces him to sign Petition of Right
Conflict erupts  begins English Civil War

24. G - Governing England English Civil War 1642 - 1649
Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan member of Parliament.
Royalists led by Charles 1
Parl. wins and Charles I is tried & executed
*1st time King is publicly executed!*

25. L -Leader (Dictator) Cromwell
Cromwell becomes military dictator of England (abolishes monarchy)
He passes strict laws against “sinful” acts (closes theatres, outlaws gambling & dancing, bans books, etc.)

26. A - A Period of Calm
When Cromwell died, so did his government  English people sick of military rule
English invited Charles II (older son of Charles I) ( ) to restore monarchy
Horrible Histories: Cromwell and Charles 2

27. N -New King, New Conflict
On Charles’ II death, his brother James II became king
He was pro-Catholic, which angered many
When his young wife produced an heir, Parliament feared a renewed period of turmoil and removed king from power

28. D -Daughter of James II
Mary (Protestant) is invited by Parliament to jointly rule with her husband, William of Orange (Pr. Of Neth)
Both agreed to follow Parliamentary laws and accepted English Bill of Rights
England became the only limited monarchy in Europe

29. James II and the Glorious Revolution
1685- Charles died and James II became king- he was a Catholic king and he moved against the English protestants
Glorious revolution- bloodless overthrow of James in 1688 when James’s protestant daughter and husband, William of Orange in the Netherlands

30. Political Changes
Constitutional monarchy- laws limit the power of the ruler
Bill of rights, which the U.S. uses to create its own Bill of Rights later
Habeas corpus- can’t imprison anyone without a trial
Cabinet system- cabinet was the link between the monarchy and parliament
Leader of the cabinet is the leader of the majority party in parliament and also prime minister
After 1688 there was no British monarch and king was unable to rule without consent of parliament

31. Divine Right
Belief God created monarchy & they act as God’s representatives on earth
Answer only to God, not his/her subjects