IMMIGRATION & URBANIZATION

IMMIGRATION WAVES OF IMMIGRATION GETTING TO AMERICA IMMIGRATION CENTERS CHARTS ON IMMIGRANT STATISTICS

WAVES OF IMMIGRATION 1815-1860----5 MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM ENGLAND, IRELAND, GERMANY, SCANDINAVIA, AND OTHER PLACES IN NORTHWESTERN EUROPE 1865-1890----10 MILLION IMMIGRANTS MAINLY FROM NORTHWESTERN EUROPE 1890-1914----15 MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. THEY WERE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN, TURKISH, LITHUANIAN, RUSSIAN, JEWISH, GREEK, ITALIAN AND ROMANIAN

Why did people want to move to U.S.? Lure of promise of better life Escape famine, land shortages, religious or political reasons New start

RED DOTS ILLUSTRATE EMIGRATION IN 1900, BROWN CIRCLES, 1920 NATIVE LANDS, PLACES FROM WHERE MANY IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM, THEY HAD LIVED IN BAD CONDITIONS AND CAME TO AMERICA TO GET A BETTER LIFE .

CHART OF IMMIGRATION 1820 TO 1980 1900 THIS CHART SHOWS THE RISE AND FALL OF IMMIGRATION THROUGHOUT U.S. HISTORY. THE “WAVES OF IMMIGRATION” SLIDE EXPLAINS WHICH GROUPS WERE COMING AT WHICH POINT IN HISTORY.

Todays the illegal immigrant population is over 11 million.

ADVERTISEMENTS FOR TRAVEL TO AMERICA Cost about 15$

COMING TO AMERICA

STEERAGE: THE CHEAPEST WAY TO COME TO AMERICA STEERAGE,THE LOWEST DECK ON THE SHIP, THE CHEAPEST METHOD OF COMING TO AMERICA, IT WAS UNCOMFORTABLE AND DISEASE-RIDDEN.

ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER, NEW YORK CITY

What happened at Ellis Island Processing could take 5 hours or so. Pass physical exam No diseases Criminal background check At least 25$ Pass mental tests (pg 257) Single women could not enter country 17 million went through here

CHART SHOWS FROM WHAT NATIONS IMMIGRANTS CAME FROM

REACTION TO IMMIGRATION BY MANY NATIVE BORN AMERICANS.

Nativism Overt favoritism towards native born Americans. Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups Literacy tests for immigrants (40 words or more of english) Anti Asian groups Chinese Exclusion act of 1892 Gentleman’s Agreement Japanese children segregated in school

INTENDED EFFECT OF THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882 CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT, 1882 ACT THAT STOPPED IMMIGRATION FROM CHINA. HOW ARE ORIENTALS PORTRAYED I N THE CARTOON? AS ANIMALS

URBAN GROWTH What is difference between urban and rural?

URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20TH CENTURY AMERICAN CITIES, DECADES FOLLOWING THE CIVIL WAR WITNESSED A TREMENDOUS EXPANSION AND EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES.

NEW INVENTIONS that MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE? TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS, NEW SCIENTIFIC AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS THAT REVOLUTIONIZED HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION MAKING RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE.

MAKING STEEL USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS BESSEMER PROCESS, METHOD OF MAKING CHEAP STEEL. WHY WAS STEEL SO IMPORTANT IN THE POST CIVIL WAR ECONOMY AND THE RAPID GROWTH OF US CITIES? ANSWER: BECAUSE STEEL WAS STRONGER AND LIGHTER THAN IRON AND COULD BE USED TO BUILD LARGE ITEMS. HENRY BESSEMER INVENTOR OF THE BESSEMER PROCESS

ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR PASSENGER ELEVATOR MADE WORKING AND DOING BUSINESS IN TALL BUILDINGS MUCH EASIER ELISHA OTIS, HE INVENTED THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR IN 1857. WHY WERE ELEVATORS NEEDED? ANSWER: WITH STEEL, BUILDINGS COULD BE BUILT TALLER AND PEOPLE NEEDED A WAY TO AVOID WALKING UP MANY FLIGHTS OF STAIRS. ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR

RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19TH CENTURY MASS TRANSIT, A WAY TO TRANSPORT LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE. INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS ALLOWED CITIES TO BECOME BIGGER AND EXPAND HORIZONTALLY AS WELL AS VERTICALLY.

MASS TRANSPORTATION MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST SUBWAYS SUBWAY SYSTEM, FIRST BUILT IN BOSTON IN 1897.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES. BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

CENTRAL BUSINESS SECTION, CENTER OF A CITY MIDDLE CLASS, PEOPLE WHO BENEFITED FROM THE WIDENING JOB OPPORTUNITIES CITIES OFFERED, OFFICE WORKERS, TEACHERS, LAWYERS ETC. SUBURBS, NEWLY DEVELOPED OUTLYING AREAS OF A CITY THAT WERE TIED TO THE CITY USING STREETCARS, LATER MANY BECAME THEIR OWN CITIES

LATE 19TH CENTURY SKYSCRAPER BY THE ARCHITECT LOUIS SULLIVAN One of the first SKYSCRAPERS, TALL OFFICE BUILDINGS BUILT OF STEEL AND CONCRETE. LOUIS SULLIVAN, ARCHITECT WHO DESIGNED ONE OF THE EARLIEST SKYSCRAPERS, LARGE BUILDING WITH MANY STORIES

NEW YORK, 1903 NEW YORK CITY HALL 1903

IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN NEW YORK CITY: LATER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

IMMIGRANT (JEWISH) NEIGHBORHOOD IN NEW YORK CITY HESTER STREET, NYC

MULBERRY STREET IN NEW YORK CITY MULBERRY STREET IN NEW YORK CITY. TWO EARLY MOVIES OF NEW YORK STREET SCENES.

Urban Problems Housing- Transportation Water Poor Sanitation Buy or rent? Tenements: multi family dwellings Transportation Water Indoor water plumbing was rare Cholera Poor Sanitation Sewer lines not in place till 1900 Crime and Fire

PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES DISEASES, CHOLERA, TUBERCULOSIS, AND INFLUENZA, YELLOW FEVER, EPIDEMICS KILLED THOUSANDS IN THE CROWDED CITIES.

Cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking or eating water or food that has been contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person or the feces of an infected. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance and death in some cases. Worldwide it affects 3–5 million people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010[update]

POOR SANITATION POOR SANITATION, CITIES HAD NO GARBAGE DISPOSAL, NO POLLUTION CONTROL, NO SEWAGE DISPOSAL. NIGHT SOIL MEN DESPOSED OF HUMAN WASTE FROM BACKYARD PRIVIES.

NO ONE KNEW WHAT CAUSED YELLOW FEVER THIS SCENE SHOWS THE MOTHER SICK WITH CHOLERA AND HER FAMILY IN DESPAIR OVER HER IMPENDING DEATH.

Yellow Fever Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the mosquito. Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice) Abdominal pain and vomiting, sometimes blood Decreased urination Bleeding from your nose, mouth and eyes Heart dysfunction (arrhythmias) Liver and kidney failure Brain dysfunction, including delirium, seizures and coma

1914 POSTER FOR A MOVIE ON THE JUNGLE COVER OF THE NOVEL UPTON SINCLAIR Wrote The Jungle 1914 POSTER FOR A MOVIE ON THE JUNGLE

UPTON SINCLAIR'S PORTRAYAL OF THE UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN MEAT PACKING PLANTS LED TO THE PASSAGE OF THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT OF 1906

THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908 Before disability and workman’s comp THE FAMILY IS MAKING ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS. Mrs. Malestestra gets 6 [cents] a gross and make regularly from 10 to 12 gross a day. Mr. Malestestra has been ill for 2 years, and can do no heavy work. But he makes artificial flowers all day. Mr. Malestestra helps because health too bad to work outside of the home. Mrs. Malestestra, Frank, age 14, John, age 11, Lizzie, age 4. Boys work on Saturday, afternoons and evenings till 10 or 11. Lizzie separates petals. New York, 1908. ARC Identifier: 523067

EDUCATION WAS NOT mandatory AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES WORKING CONDITIONS WERE BRUTAL, WITH LONG HOURS AND UNSAFE FACILITIES.

LIFE WAS ALSO HARD FOR CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS

POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPT CITY BOSSES CONTROLLED CITIES POLITICAL MACHINES, CREATED BY BOSSES TO CONTROL CITIES, THEY WERE DISHONEST BUT PERFORMED MANY NEEDED WELFARE FUNCTIONS FOR THE POOR. TAMMANY HALL, THE POLITICAL MACHINE THAT RAN NEW YORK THOMAS NAST CARTOON SHOWING BOSS TWEED AND ASSOCIATED AS VULTURES PREYING ON NEW YORK. TAMMANY HALL, NYC

The Political Machine With rapid growth in new cities, there was a much needed new power structure, the Political machine. Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party, and offered services to voters in exchange for political and financial support. A pyramid of power read pg 268

Political boss Controlled everything in the city, and influenced everyone. Usually former immigrants who helped immigrants in exchange for votes. Get housing, citizenship, jobs

The corruption of political machines When loyalty of voters was not enough they turned to fraud. Creating fake names Grafting-illegal use of political influence for personal gain. Gambling, construction contracts, accepted bribes Boss Tweed: built a courthouse for 13$ million when it only cost $3 million Give examples

Life at the turn of the century Chapter 8 Life at the turn of the century Science and urban life Expanding Public education Segregation and discrimination

New technology and impact A revolution in Printing By 1900, 90% of population was literate Airplanes Wright Brothers in 1903 flew 120 feet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wfyvspnko04 Within 2 years flew 24 miles and by 1920 U.S. had first airmail service *Photography- George Eastman in 1888 introduced the Kodak Camera camera cost $25 had 100 pics and $10 to develop film

Expanding Public Education Very few students went to high school in late 1800’s Between 1865 and 1895 laws required students from the age of 8 to 14 to go to school By 1900 High school became more important but only 3% of African Americans attended H.S. 2.3% of Americans attended college

Higher Education for African Americans After civil War, thousands of free African Americans desire an education.

Gaining more rights for African Americans Booker T Washington Believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor. W.E.B. Du Bois First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard Thought blacks should get liberal arts degrees so that the African American community would have well educated leaders.

Segregation and Discrimination Voting Restrictions Poll tax: tax that had to be paid before you could vote Grandfather clause: if your grandpa was eligible to vote before Jan 1 1867 you could vote. Literacy test What was the goal of white citizens?

Jim Crow laws Southern states passed racial segregation laws. Public facilities (bathrooms, schools, restaraunts, parks, etc..) Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme court case that ruled that segregation was legal (Worksheet partner work)

The Dawn of Mass Culture Chapter 8 Sec 4 Americans had more time for leisure activities around 1900 -amusement parks (Coney Island) -sports (Baseball and boxing) were king

AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME LEISURE TIME AT THE BEACH.

SPORTS BECAME ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL AMERICANS SPORTS, ONCE ONLY FOR THE RICH BECAME POPULAR AMONG AVERAGE CITIZENS, BASEBALL BECAME POPULAR.

Spread of mass culture Mass circulation of newspapers By 1898 majority of people in American got news from the newspaper New ways to sell goods Shopping centers Department stores Advertising Catalogs Sears and Roebuck

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES, GREW RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF A NEED FOR ADVERTISING AND IMPROVED POSTAL SERVICE

ADVERTISING, CAME OF AGE IN THE LATE 1800'S, URBAN DWELLERS WERE BOMBARDED WITH IT WHEREVER THEY WENT.

TOBACCO ADS TARGETING WOMEN AND CHILDREN

NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATED CONVENIENCES: ICE BOX AD

EARLY AUTOMOBILE ADS. $1600 FOR THE ELECTRIC AUTO IS AROUND $32,000 EARLY AUTOMOBILE ADS. $1600 FOR THE ELECTRIC AUTO IS AROUND $32,000.00 IN 2002 DOLLARS. THE OLDS WOULD SELL FOR AROUND $13,000 IN 2002 DOLLARS.