1. Immigration
Ch 16

2. People on the move The Immigrant Experience
WHY: Fleeing crop failures, shortage of land and jobs, rising taxes and famine
HOPES: Dreams of getting rich, free government land through the homestead act, personal freedom, education opportunity, democratic government

3. Crossing the ocean
Steerage: Limited toilets, no privacy, poor food, stale air, cheap price.

4. Waves of Immigration
most from northern Europe. Germany, Great Britain, Ireland.
Southern and eastern Europe, Middle East. Italians, Greeks, Slavs, Russians, Jews, Armenians.
1891- Office of the Superintendent of Immigrations was formed to determine who was fit for life in America.
70% of all Immigrants come through NY.

5. What happens to Immigrants once in the U.S.
Physical Exams: Quarantine; isolation to prevent spread of disease.
Work opportunity: Immigrants paid less than Americans., Women paid less than men. Labor Unions are angered by this.

6. Immigrants from Asia China:
1800 RR Co. recruited Chinese to build the railroad. Immigrants worked off the cost of passage to the U.S.
American labor unions fought to exclude Chinese Immigrants because they accepted low wages.
Chinese exclusion act only allowed immigrants from China into country if they had family in the U.S. In place until 1943

7. Japan
Most come from Hawaii

8. The Gentlemen’s Agreement
San Francisco school board ruled that all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children should attend separate schools.
Japanese government condemned this segregation claiming it violated an 1894 treaty giving Japanese citizens the right to enter the U.S. freely. Created tension.
The Gentlemen’s Agreement:
Compromise which called on San Francisco to end its school segregation and Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers.

9. The challenge of the cities
U.S. citizens and Immigrants flood to cities because of Industrialization

10. How cities grew Grew up because of steel. Use of elevators. Banks
Financial offices
Law firms
Government offices

11. Urban Living Conditions
Tenenments:
Look at the following pictures and create a list of conditions which existed in the tenements.

15. Results of City Growth
Political Divisions- Who should improve conditions. (police, fire, transportation, etc)
Political Bosses-ran for office or was hand picked
Political machines- unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power and usually headed by a single powerful “boss” (William Macy Tweed)
Graft-use of one’s job to gain profit (major source of income for political machines