1. Urbanization
Cities and Immigrants

2. Standards
SS.912.A.3.2: Examine the social, political, and economic causes, course, and consequences of the second Industrial Revolution that began in the late 19th century. End of Course Exam Benchmark.
SS.912.A.3.7: Compare the experience of European immigrants in the east to that of Asian immigrants in the west (the Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan)
SS.912.A.3.11: Analyze the impact of political machines in United States cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

3. Immigration
Old Immigrants- came before from Western Europe (England, Ireland, Germany, France)
Came to escape religious and political persecution or to find new economic opportunities.
Spoke English
Protestant

4. Immigration
New Immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mediterranean (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia)
Did not speak English
Catholic/Jewish
Escape religious persecution

5. Establishing a New Life
Traveled across the Atlantic in steerage (cheapest class on ship)
Most landed in Ellis Island, NYC
Could be sent back if they had poor health
Found unskilled jobs
Settled in ghettos (urban neighborhood with immigrants of one nationality-Little Italy, Chinatown) where people spoke language, had same religion, same newspapers

6. Americanization
Americanized-assimilate into mainstream American society by learning its values and behaviors
Children began to assimilate (made similar to other Americans)

7. Asia Pushed by warfare and economic hard times in China
Pulled by the lure of gold, later railroad work
Chinese Immigrants were needed to build transcontinental railroad but once it was completed, they became discriminated

8. In 1850s, a white man murdered a Chinese man and was sent to jail after other Chinese testified against him. California Supreme Court ruled to free him, starting a trend of legal discrimination and abuse
US Naturalization Act of only whites and African descent can become US citizens
1882- Chinese Exclusion Act-made a ban on immigration for 10 years
Any Chinese immigration was processed at Angel Island in San Francisco

9. Japanese pushed by changes in Japan and pulled by lure of greater economic opportunity
Racial prejudice of segregated schools in San Francisco forced a negotiation called “Gentlemen's Agreement” in 1907.
The Japanese government agreed to prevent the further immigration of workers

10. Nativism
Nativism-the belief that native-born Americans were superior to others, and that immigrants and their diverse cultural influences were undesirable.
True American=native-born, white, English-speaking, Protestant
Anti-immigration societies began to spring up across America, KKK reemerges, effect immigration laws

11. Cities Urbanization-the movement of people from country to city
In 1865 most Americans lived in countryside (farming movement)
By 1920 half lived in cities. NY, Chicago, Philadelphia had over a million residents

12. Reasons for Urbanization
Push/Pull factors
Railroads and improved roads made it easier for people to move to cities. Cities like Chicago and Atlanta grew because of this.
Many people attracted by the city life and opportunity
Rise of factories and the needs of growing urban populations created more jobs.
Uncertainty of farm life, new farm machinery pushed people away from the farms

13. Cities Face New Problems
Cities grew too fast and cities lacked services (hospitals, schools, fire, police, garbage)
Overcrowding and slums
Tenements-low cost rental housing barely meeting minimal living requirements
Lack of sanitation and pollution=people died from diseases
Traffic congestion
Political corruption

14. Political Machines
Political machine- an organization controlled by a “boss” that gets citizens to vote for its candidate on election day. People worked for the “machine” in exchange for political favors and other rewards
Bosses provided jobs and services to immigrants and other poor residents in return for their votes.
Machine makes profit by overcharging on city contracts
Tammany Hall in NYC-most famous political machine
Graft-using political influence for personal gain

15. Political Machines William “Boss” Tweed was the most famous boss
Thomas Nast-made anti machine political cartoons