1. Chapter 16 Goal 7

2. Technology in the Cities Skyscrapers Electric Transit (above and below ground) Steel-Cable suspension bridges (Ex. Brooklyn bridge) bring people together and can provide recreation What to do with open space in cities? Urban Planning is the designing of cities to address this issue Frederick Law Olmstead, designed Central Park, NYC also did landscaping for Washington, DC and Boston

7. Technology in Cities cont… By 1890, literacy rate in US was 90% Printing lots of books, magazines, newspapers, etc to meet this demand Electronically powered printing press and new methods to make paper allow this to happen at a cheaper and faster rate Orville and Wilbur Wright—airplanes, first flight at Kitty Hawk, NC, Dec 17, 1903 Changes in photography thanks to George Eastman, lighter weight cameras, film instead of glass plates

8. Expanding Education 1865-1895 states pass laws requiring 12 -16 weeks of school attendance required for kids ages 8-14 Focus on reading, writing, and math Very strict rules (allowed physical punishment) 1900 public schools begin to add kindergarten to start education process earlier Educational opportunities not the same for all children In 1880 62% of white children go to school, 34% of African American children are enrolled Segregated schools (not equal)

9. Expanding Education Rise in industry demands higher education and a better trained workforce Early 1900s high school education begins to spread (curriculum expands to include science, social studies, civics) Vocational courses are offered for job training Immigrants encourage to go to school, Americanization process

10. Expanding Education 1880-1920 college enrollments quadrupled Rise in industry is requires higher education Establish professional schools (law, medicine, teaching, etc) Freedmen’s Bureau (after Civil War) and other private organizations work to create colleges and for African Americans Howard and Fisk (HBC) Private donors could not supply enough money to meet need

11. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington: prominent African American educator, believed that racism would end once African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. Headed Tuskegee National and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University) Focus on education now and then equality later, must have education first

12. W.E.B. Dubois First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard (1895) Disagreed with BTW’s gradual approach Founded Niagara Movement, insists that African Americans should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well educated leaders Work to achieve immediate equality, don’t have to prove ourselves All are created equal

13. Voting Restrictions Southern states did all they could to prevent 15 th amendment Literacy Tests Poll Tax Grandfather Clause

14. Jim Crow Laws 1870s-1890s, Supreme Court refuses to overturn Poll Tax and Grandfather clause Southern states begin to pass segregation laws – De Facto Segregation is by custom or practice – De Jure Segregation is by law Segregation laws are called Jim Crow Laws after a popular song

15. Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court ruled that separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate 14 th amendment Originally based on separation in trains

16. Violence 1882-1892 increase in lynching (hanging of African Americans) Done with out trial and by mob rule