1. Immigration and Urbanization Movement of People and Development of cities

2. The Great Migration 46 million people left their home land 46 million people left their home land Why? Why? Economic Reasons Economic Reasons To escape political or religious persecution To escape political or religious persecution 23 million or 56% came to U.S. 23 million or 56% came to U.S. Why? Why? Belief that U.S. was a land of golden opportunities Belief that U.S. was a land of golden opportunities Non-restrictive immigration policy Non-restrictive immigration policy

3. Three Waves of Immigration 1830-1860 1830-1860 1860-1890 1860-1890 1890-1920 1890-1920

4. 1 st Wave: 1830-1860 2 nd Wave:1860-1890 3 rd Wave:1890-1920 Came From: Ireland, Britian, Germany Came From: Ireland, Britian, Germany Settled: Eastern cities of N.Y., Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cinn., Detroit Settled: Eastern cities of N.Y., Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cinn., Detroit Assimilation: easy Assimilation: easy had some $ had some $ skills: some; started farms & worked in factories skills: some; started farms & worked in factories Language: most English Language: most English Religion: Protestant Religion: Protestant 5 million 5 million Came from: Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia Came from: Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia Settled: E. cities (N.Y.) & mid west Settled: E. cities (N.Y.) & mid west Assimilation: not as easy Assimilation: not as easy had some $ had some $ Skills: some; factory workers & farmers Skills: some; factory workers & farmers Language: some English Language: some English Religion:Protestant & Catholic Religion:Protestant & Catholic 10 million 10 million Came from:s/east Europe; Italy, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Russia Came from:s/east Europe; Italy, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Russia Settled: mainly in N.Y. city & Chicago Settled: mainly in N.Y. city & Chicago Assimilation: difficult Assimilation: difficult had no $ had no $ Skills: no skills Skills: no skills Language: did not speak English Language: did not speak English Religion: Catholic & Jewish Religion: Catholic & Jewish 15 million 15 million

5. Living in the Cities Positives Positives Settlement houses to help homeless Settlement houses to help homeless Political machines – helped immigrants find jobs + housing; exchange for vote Political machines – helped immigrants find jobs + housing; exchange for vote Negatives Negatives Crowded housing Crowded housing Transportation Transportation Crime Crime Sanitation Sanitation fire fire

6. Living in the Cities Political Machines Political Machines Organized group that controlled activities of political party in a city Organized group that controlled activities of political party in a city Offered services to voters in exchange for political support Offered services to voters in exchange for political support Organized like a pyramid Organized like a pyramid Bottom = local precinct workers who reported to Ward boss Bottom = local precinct workers who reported to Ward boss Ward boss worked to secure vote in all precincts & reported to city boss (ex. Boss Tweed) Ward boss worked to secure vote in all precincts & reported to city boss (ex. Boss Tweed) Racial Issues Racial Issues Booker T. Washington – believed economic equality 1 st then political Booker T. Washington – believed economic equality 1 st then political W.E.B. Dubois – wanted political equality immediately; helped form N.A.A.C.P. W.E.B. Dubois – wanted political equality immediately; helped form N.A.A.C.P. 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson; estab. “separate but equal” doctrine 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson; estab. “separate but equal” doctrine

7. Ethnic Enclaves & Tenements

8. Urban Problems Housing Housing Transportation Transportation Crime Crime Sanitation Sanitation Fire Fire

9. Possible Solutions Settlement Houses Settlement Houses Political Machines Political Machines

11. Beginnings of Civil Rights WEB DuBois WEB DuBois Booker T Washington Booker T Washington Plessy v Ferguson Plessy v Ferguson

12. Development of a New Mass Culture More Leisure Time More Leisure Time More Information More Information Better ways to Buy and Sell Better ways to Buy and Sell

13. Mass Culture cont’d Mass Circulation of Papers Mass Circulation of Papers Newspaper circulation up 9xs betw. 1870-1900 Newspaper circulation up 9xs betw. 1870-1900 Newspaper chains & national press emerged w/ standardized news across country Newspaper chains & national press emerged w/ standardized news across country “yellow journalism” – sensationalized stories w/ goal to sell papers “yellow journalism” – sensationalized stories w/ goal to sell papers Literature & the Arts Literature & the Arts Realism & naturalism = major influences on American writers Realism & naturalism = major influences on American writers Influenced by growth of industry & rise of city Influenced by growth of industry & rise of city T. Dreiser & M. Twain T. Dreiser & M. Twain Art – most major cities had museums; Ashcan school = urban society Art – most major cities had museums; Ashcan school = urban society Ex. Thomas Eakins, E. Hopper Ex. Thomas Eakins, E. Hopper

14. Mass Culture New Means of Buying & Selling New Means of Buying & Selling Increased purchasing power; middle class emerged Increased purchasing power; middle class emerged Dev. of affordable products & new merchandising techniques Dev. of affordable products & new merchandising techniques Amer. Learned to buy/prepare food differently w/ canned goods & refrigeration Amer. Learned to buy/prepare food differently w/ canned goods & refrigeration Mail Order Catalog – Sears & Roebuck; Montgomery Ward; people ordered from catalogs for products these stores sold Mail Order Catalog – Sears & Roebuck; Montgomery Ward; people ordered from catalogs for products these stores sold

15. What do you see????

16. Uncle Sam striped pants stars on vest stars & strips top hat white hair and beard Personification of the United States