Models of Human Development © Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., & Goodway, J.D. (2012). Understanding Motor Development. Boston: McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2-2 Human development is studied from a variety of theoretical perspectives, all of which have implications for understanding the motor development and movement education of infants, children, adolescents, and adults.

2-3  Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)  Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)  Maturational Theory (Gesell)  Environmental Theory (Havighurst)  Cognitive Theory (Piaget)

2-4  Phase/Stage Theories : Descriptive  Developmental Task Theories : Predictive  Developmental Milestone Theories: Both descriptive & predictive  Ecological Theories: Explanatory

2-5  Erik Erikson : Phase/stage theory  Robert Havighurst: Developmental task theory  Jean Piaget : Developmental milestone theory  Nicholas Bernstein : Ecological theory-- dynamic systems branch  Roger Barker : Ecological theory-- behavior setting branch  Urie Bronfenbrenner : Ecological theory-- behavior setting branch

2-6  Change is Nonlinear (i.e. discontinuous)  Change is Self-Organizing  Change is Governed by Constraints  Change is Interactive (T.I.E)  Change Involves Degrees of Freedom

2-7  Change is Ecologically (i.e. environmentally) Based  Change is Governed by Attached meaning:  Activities (what people do)  Roles (people’s expected behaviors)  Relationships (how we treat & are treated by others)  Microsystems: Family; peers; school  Mesosystem : Interacting microsystems  Exosystem : Indirect but important social settings  Macrosystem : Ones’ cultural reality  Chronosystem: One’s total life experience

2-8  Trust vs. Mistrust : Mutual affirmation  Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame: “terrible two’s”  Initiative vs. Guilt: Play age  Industry vs. Inferiority: Learning new skills  Identity vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity & devotion  Intimacy vs. Isolation : Love & affiliation  Generativity vs. Self-absorption: Mid-life crisis  Integrity vs. Despair : Reflection & fulfillment

2-9  Sensorimotor Phase : Basic assimilation & schema formation through movement  Preoperational Phase: Advanced assimilation through physical activity  Concrete Operations Phase: Reversibility with intellectual experimentation  Formal Operations Phase: Deductive reasoning through hypothesis formulation

2-10  Infancy - Early Childhood: Birth to 5 years  Middle Childhood : 6 to 12 years  Adolescence : 13 to 18 years  Early Adulthood: 19 to 29 years  Middle Adulthood : years  Later Maturity: 60>

2-11 Although a variety of theories attempt to both describe and explain human development, all fall short.