1. Child Development Chapter 8

2. Influences on Prenatal Development Teratogens: Factors in the environment that can harm the developing fetus. Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Smoking Low birth weight Increased risk of miscarriage and still birth Delayed cognitive development

3. Physical Development Infants triple in weight & increase body length by 1/3 in the 1 st year. Some Early Gross Motor Milestones. Averages. Effected by Cultural Influences. MilestoneMonths Rolls Over2 to 4 Sits without support5 to 7 Stands holding onto furniture8 to 9 Creeps on hands and knees9 to 10 Stands without support10 to 13 Walks alone11 to 14 Walks up stairs alone21 to 25

4. Perceptual Development “Looking” Studies Recognizing parents, colors, old stimuli Depth perception in infants Visual Cliff Is it soon enough?!

5. Stage theories 1. All humans move through a ordered series of stages. 2. Each stage is associated with developmental goals.

6. Constructivism…. New Knowledge Updated Schema Incorporated Assimilation New Knowledge Updated Schema Change Accommodation

7. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2) Object Permanence Mental representation Self recognition

8. Piaget’s Theory Stage 2:Preoperational (2-7) Symbolic Play Egocentric thought ….my dog

9. Piaget’s Theory Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11) Principal of Conservation Stage 4: Formal Operational Abstract thought and logical reasoning

10. Developmental Research Methods Cross-Sectional Study Cohort Effects Longitudinal Study Biographical Study

11. Social Development Key Issues Early On Social Referencing Attachment - Temperament  interaction between caregiver and infant.  Comfort contact (Harlow)  culturally influenced Making friends  buffers - support  learn to function in society Adolescence Conformity Need to Belong (Maslow’s Hierarchy p.376) Identity Crisis (Erikson)

12. Attachment Strange Situation Secure attachment (60-65%) Insecure attachment avoidant (20%) ambivalent (10%) Ambivalent (mixed) Openness to Environment and the Caregiver

13. Day-Care and Attachment High Quality care better socialization skills buffer difficult home environment more social than cognitive benefits Low Quality Care negative social adjustment (boys) poor emotional development.

14. Qualities of Good Day Care Low volume of children. Good ratio of children to caretaker. Stability - low caretaker turn-over. Caretakers with sufficient training & experience. More attention to each child. Sensitivity to children’s needs. increased verbal stimulation.

15. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion P. 336

16. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Self-Absorbtion Integrity vs. Despair

17. Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs Safety Needs Need to Belong Esteem Needs Self- Actualization Maslow, 1970 p. 376

18. Contextual Theories of Development Bronfenbrenner - Ecological Systems Theory focus on social and cultural climate. relationships between individual and the environment. Direct and indirect. Systems approach.

19. Parenting Style

20. How We Get Old…. Stochastic Theory wear & tear free radicals Pre-Programmed teleomeres immune/endocrine systems

22. Theories of Cognitive Aging Successful Aging SOC Model (Baltes) Generalized vs. Specific Common Cause Hypothesis

23. Facing the End of Life K Ü bler-Ross stages of dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance