1.Causes of WWI Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hostile alliances take effect---War declared Central Powersvs.Allied Powers GermanyGreat Britain Austria/HungaryFrance Ottoman EmpireRussia Trench warfare and the Western Front 3. President Wilson Calls for neutrality = conflicting sympathies US belief = right to trade with all nations Germany and Great Britain violated this policy. notes1

4. From neutrality to war. German policy Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915) Zimmerman Note: Jan April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany…… Germans violated our trade and neutrality War to end all war The world must be made safe for democracy Side with the Allies notes2

1.President Wilson: The War to End All War  War outlook in Jan  Poor for Allies: Why?  U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary Forces  Led by General John J. Pershing  US Troops 2. Actions of Wilson and Congress 3. Women in WWI worked in the factories  19 th Amendment----women’s suffrage 4. End of War  Nov. 11 th = = end of the war  Germans sign an armistice notes3

1. President Wilson’s 14 Points 2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries  Germany was forced to  pay war debts = reparations---$53 billion  Remain disarmed  Lost all colonies  Responsible for war  Created new countries 3. Wilson’s Problems at Home Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles Does not join the League of Nations…….Why? Lodge vs. Wilson Draw U.S. into another war Took away Congress’s power to declare war. Americans wanted neutrality notes5

notes6 4. Results of Treaty of Versailles  New democracies would fail without US aid  Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII 5. Post war adjustments….

Section 1 World War I Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente Believed no one nation would attack another, because allies would join fight Alliances Massive military buildup in European countries, late 1800s and early 1900s Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict Militarism Europe on the Brink of War

Section 1 World War I Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture, increased in late 1800s Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe Home to many ethnic groups trying to break free from Ottoman Empire Nationalism Late 1800s and early 1900s saw quest to build empires Created rivalry, ill will among European nations Germany, France, Russia, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations Each did not want others to gain power Imperialism Europe on the Brink of War

Section 1 World War I In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia prepared to support Serbia Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw Russia as threat Germany declared war on Russia, ally France The Impact Germany faced war on two fronts: Russia to east, France to west Decided to strike France quickly then move to Russia Began with quick strike into neutral Belgium Attack on neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany Fighting Begins War Breaks Out

1st World War in history Great War or War to End all War Not called WWI until after WWII Total war Involved 60 nations and 6 continents

Cost of War $400 billion $10 million dollars an hour 16 million deaths First war of the Industrial Revolution…… New Weapons vs old tactics of fighting

world map

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

 Tank (broke the Western front) Introduced at battle of Somme, 1916, but could only go 3 mph. By 1918 able to cross trenches

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers Central Powers Great Britain France Russia Italy Germany Austrian- Hungarian Empire Turkey

Inevitability of war June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check” –pledging military assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum

The inevitability of war July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris Underestimated speed of the British mobilization –Quickly sent troops to France

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature Sept 6-10, 1914 –Battle of Marne –Stopped the Germans but French troops were exhausted –Both sides dug trenches for shelter STALEMATE

battle fronts German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to conquer France. FrenchBritish Gave French and British militaries enough time to mobilize their army Belgium puts up a strong fight. 1 st Battle of the Marne River 1 st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris. trench warfare France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfare from 1914 to 1918 German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to conquer France. FrenchBritish Gave French and British militaries enough time to mobilize their army Belgium puts up a strong fight. 1 st Battle of the Marne River 1 st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris. trench warfare France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfare from 1914 to 1918

Section 1 World War I

Section 1 World War I Germany’s plan Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan The Great War became bloody stalemate Russia enters fighting Russia attacked German territory from the east Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders Early battles Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British Both sides suffered heavy losses Germany victorious Fighting in 1914

Stalemate stalemate  By September 1914, the war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage. “no man’s land.”  When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.  Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage. Modern Warfare  Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WW I.  Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.  As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

The Eastern Front Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914 –Defeated The Austrians kicked out of Serbia Italians attacked Austria in 1915 G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory

The Eastern Front Much more mobile more than the West –But loss of life still very high –1915: 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded

The Germans could not match Great Britain's superior navy. Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats Germans warned the world they would sink any ship they believed was carrying contraband to Great Britain.

U-Boats By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships. Two types small subs with a crew of 24 larger subs with a crew of by 1918

Lusitania ad

war zone

May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner. contraband (weapons) Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons) to the British. Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. “unrestricted submarine warfare”. U.S. and other countries outraged towards Germany because of “unrestricted submarine warfare”. international law US believed the Germans had violated international law of targeting civilians

Lusitania

After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany. Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless warning them first and providing safety for civilians. BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March Germany promised not to sink anymore ships. war zone X

zimmerman code

alliance Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.... You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with zimmerman notes Berlin, January 19, 1917 February unrestricted submarine warfare neutral On the first of February we intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.

at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Secretary of State) zimmerman notes with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan;

zimmerman cartoon

When German submarines sank three American merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

14 Points “end all war”. Are they realistic or based on idealism? President Wilson’s 14 Points were his ideas to “end all war”. These are a summary of his ideas for world peace. Are they realistic or based on idealism? 14 pts Open diplomacy or no secret treaties. Freedom of the seas. Free trade. Countries reduce colonies and weapons International control of colonies….. DemocracyFormation of new countries with self- government as a goal. (Democracy) league of nations Collective SecurityMOST IMPORTANT: A “league of nations” to guarantee peace among nations. (Collective Security)

big4 When President Wilson went to Paris, France, he was welcomed like he was a God. Countries were convinced that his 14 points could “end all war”. But, the hatred of the Allied nations led to the Treaty of Versailles to be a “Treaty of Revenge” against Germany.

Open diplomacy or no secret treaties. Freedom of the seas. Removal of tariff and other economic barriers or free trade. Reduction of land and weapons International control of colonies, with self- government as the goal. Self-determination of ethnic groups to decide in which country they wish to live. “general association of nations”A “general association of nations” to guarantee peace and the independence of all nations. versailles1 Not included Germany disarmed army restricted to 100,000, forbidden to have submarines and aircraft) and forced to pay reparations of $53 billion Germany looses colonies were given to Allied victors. New countries form democracies based on ethnic groups League of Nations League of Nations Organization of larger nations to maintain world peace

Legacy of Bitterness- Russia removed, Germany and Japan withdrew in 1933 Decisions required that all countries agree- rare occurrence Failed to prevent conflict- Japan invaded Manchuria, Italy conquered Ethiopia and in Germany, the Policy of Appeasement failed to prevent Hitler from re-arming and annexing neighboring land in the late 1930’s.

Franz FerdinandKaiser Wilhem President Wilson Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing Sen. Henry LodgeSergeant Alvin York Eddie Baron Manfred Valadir Leninn Rickenbacker von Richthofen Central Powers Allied Powers

Nationalism Countries proud of their heritage and culture Similar to patriotismSimilar to patriotism Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence throughout Europe.Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence throughout Europe.

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28, 1914 eventually led to WWI. Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who lived under Austrian rule. Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession franz

alliances1 Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled several ethic groups. Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia. This led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Saravejo

Imperialism France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were establishing colonies in Africa and Asia economic and political control over other countries……economic and political control over other countries…… these countries were in competition for colonies

Cartoon- European grab bag European nations competing for colonies around the world…..Imperialism

Cartoon- European grab bag

Militarism European nations began an arms race as they competed for colonies around the world……

Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Russia] in millions of dollars. By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3 rd largest naval fleet in the world…. By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3 rd largest naval fleet in the world…. The Great White Fleet

Mobilization HHome by Christmas! NNo major war in 50 years! NNationalism!

Alliances balance of powerEuropean nations began forming military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power …….. Triple AllianceTriple Entente Central PowersAllied Powers GermanyGreat Britain Austria-Hungary EmpireFrance BulgariaRussia

alliances1 1.June 28 Assassination at Sarajevo 2.July 28 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia 3.July 30 Russia began mobilization 4. August 1 Germany declared war on Russia

alliances2 5.August 3 Germany declared war on France 6. August 3 Great Britain declared war on Germany 7.August 6 Russia and Austria/Hungary at war. 8.August 12 Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary

battle fronts German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to conquer France. FrenchBritish Gave French and British militaries enough time to mobilize their army Belgium puts up a strong fight. 1 st Battle of the Marne River 1 st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris. trench warfare France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfare from 1914 to 1918 German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to conquer France. FrenchBritish Gave French and British militaries enough time to mobilize their army Belgium puts up a strong fight. 1 st Battle of the Marne River 1 st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris. trench warfare France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfare from 1914 to 1918

battle fronts

Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just a week before WWI began in Europe. Woodrow Wilson became President in Americans were shocked by the outbreak of war but…………..it was in Europe. NEUTRALUS was officially NEUTRAL

The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned. The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy. Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous struggle. I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls. wilson neutrality1

notes2 US believed warring nations It had the right to trade with the warring nations neutrality Warring nations must respect our neutrality freedom of the seas in the freedom of the seas neutrality German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our neutrality

Effects of Allied blockade Central powers 1914, $70 million in trade with Central powers 1916, trade reduced to $1.3 million Allied trade Grew from $825 million to $3.2 billion in same time period debtor creditor WWI transformed the US from a debtor to a creditor nation

The Germans could not match Great Britain's superior navy. Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats Germans warned the world they would sink any ship they believed was carrying contraband to Great Britain.

U-Boats By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships. Two types small subs with a crew of 24 larger subs with a crew of by 1918

Lusitania ad

war zone

May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner. contraband (weapons) Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons) to the British. Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. “unrestricted submarine warfare”. U.S. and other countries outraged towards Germany because of “unrestricted submarine warfare”. international law US believed the Germans had violated international law of targeting civilians

Lusitania

After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany. Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless warning them first and providing safety for civilians. BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March Germany promised not to sink anymore ships. war zone X

zimmerman code

alliance Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.... You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with zimmerman notes Berlin, January 19, 1917 February unrestricted submarine warfare neutral On the first of February we intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.

at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Secretary of State) zimmerman notes with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan;

zimmerman cartoon

When German submarines sank three American merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany. The present German submarine war…..is a war against all nationsOur motive will not be revenge but on the vindication of right, of human right…. The new German policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind….have been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board….The present German submarine war…..is a war against all nations….Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but on the vindication of right, of human right…. We are…..the sincere friends of the German people…..We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions towards the millions of men and women of

German birth and native sympathy who live amongst us and share our life…... There are……many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace always carried nearest our hearts……democracy as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world safe for democracy. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts……democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right…..as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world safe for democracy.

America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured.

The right is more precious than peace war to end all warwar to end all war The world must be safe for democracy. defend human rightsdefend human rights defend our trade neutralityneutrality freedom of the seas violation of international lawviolation of international law

I Dare you to come, 1917 I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law………. kaiser defies

The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t happen! The German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our freedom of the seas and neutrality. sandwich man