1. WORLD WAR I, 1914 TO 1918 Causes of WWI
Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Hostile alliances take effect---War declared
Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
Germany Great Britain
Austria/Hungary France
Ottoman Empire Russia
Trench warfare and the Western Front
3. President Wilson
Calls for neutrality = conflicting sympathies
US belief = right to trade with all nations
Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.
WORLD WAR I, 1914 TO 1918
notes1

2. Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW
4. From neutrality to war.
German policy
Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW
U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
Zimmerman Note: Jan. 1917
5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany……
Germans violated our trade and neutrality
War to end all war
The world must be made safe for democracy
Side with the Allies
notes2

3. US ENTERS THE WAR President Wilson: The War to End All War
War outlook in Jan. 1917
Poor for Allies: Why?
U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary Forces
Led by General John J. Pershing
US Troops
2. Actions of Wilson and Congress
3. Women in WWI
worked in the factories
19th Amendment----women’s suffrage
4. End of War
Nov. 11th = = end of the war
Germans sign an armistice
notes3

4. WWI, THE AFTERMATH 1. President Wilson’s 14 Points
2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries
Germany was forced to
pay war debts = reparations---$53 billion
Remain disarmed
Lost all colonies
Responsible for war
Created new countries
3. Wilson’s Problems at Home
Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles
Does not join the League of Nations…….Why?
Lodge vs. Wilson
Draw U.S. into another war
Took away Congress’s power to declare war.
Americans wanted neutrality
notes5

5. 4. Results of Treaty of Versailles
New democracies would fail without US aid
Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII
5. Post war adjustments….
notes6

6. Great War or War to End all War Not called WWI until after WWII
1st World War in history
Great War or War to End all War
Not called WWI until after WWII
Total war
Involved 60 nations and 6 continents

7. Cost of War $400 billion $10 million dollars an hour 16 million deaths
First war of the Industrial Revolution……
New Weapons vs old tactics of fighting

8. world map

9. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

10. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

11. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

12. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

13. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

14. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

15. Trench Warfare

16. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

17. TRENCH WARFARE

18. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

19. The Zeppelin

20. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

21. Poison Gas
Machine Gun

22. LEADERS AND HEROES OF WWI
Franz Ferdinand Kaiser Wilhem President Wilson Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing
Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York Eddie Baron Manfred Valadir Leninn Rickenbacker von Richthofen
Central Powers
Allied Powers

23. Countries proud of their heritage and culture
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
Nationalism
Countries proud of their heritage and culture
Similar to patriotism
Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country
Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence throughout Europe.

24. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

25. ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND
Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28, 1914 eventually led to WWI.
Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who lived under Austrian rule.
franz

26. ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI
Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled several ethic groups.
Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia.
This led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Saravejo
alliances1

27. economic and political control over other countries……
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
Imperialism
France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were establishing colonies in Africa and Asia
economic and political control over other countries……
these countries were in competition for colonies

28. Cartoon-European grab bag
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
European nations competing for colonies around the world…..Imperialism
Cartoon-European grab bag

29. Cartoon-European grab bag
COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900
Cartoon-European grab bag

30. Cartoon-European grab bag
COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900
Cartoon-European grab bag

31. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
Militarism
European nations began an arms race as they competed for colonies around the world……

33. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Russia] in millions of dollars.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914 94
130
154
268
289
398
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3rd largest naval fleet in the world…. The Great White Fleet

34. Mobilization
Home by Christmas!
No major war in 50 years!
Nationalism!

35. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
Alliances
European nations began forming military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power ……..
Triple Alliance Triple Entente Central Powers Allied Powers
Germany Great Britain Austria-Hungary Empire France Bulgaria Russia

36. ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI June 28 Assassination at Sarajevo
July 28 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
July 30 Russia began mobilization
August 1 Germany declared war on Russia
alliances1

37. ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI August 3 Germany declared war on France
August 3 Great Britain declared war on Germany
August 6 Russia and Austria/Hungary at war.
August 12 Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary
alliances2

38. Austrian-Hungarian Empire
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Great Britain
Germany
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
France
Russia
Turkey
Italy

40. GERMAN INVASION OF BELGIUM
battle fronts
German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to conquer France.
Gave French and British militaries enough time to mobilize their army
Belgium puts up a strong fight.
1st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris.
France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfare from 1914 to 1918

41. battle fronts

42. STALEMATE AND WARFARE Stalemate Modern Warfare
By September 1914, the war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.
When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.
Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.
Modern Warfare
Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WW I.
Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.
As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

43. Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912. US was officially NEUTRAL
US IN 1914
Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just a week before WWI began in Europe.
Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912.
Americans were shocked by the outbreak of war but…………..it was in Europe.
US was officially NEUTRAL

44. CONFLICTING SYMPATHIES
WILSON'S NEUTRALITY
The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned.
The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy. Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous struggle.
I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls.
CONFLICTING SYMPATHIES
wilson neutrality1

45. US POLICY BEFORE WWI US believed
It had the right to trade with the warring nations
Warring nations must respect our neutrality
in the freedom of the seas
German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our neutrality
notes2

46. Effects of Allied blockade
1914, $70 million in trade with Central powers
1916, trade reduced to $1.3 million
Allied trade
Grew from $825 million to $3.2 billion in same time period
WWI transformed the US from a debtor to a creditor nation

47. The Germans could not match Great Britain's superior navy.
SUBMARINE WARFARE
The Germans could not match Great Britain's superior navy.
Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats
Germans warned the world they would sink any ship they believed was carrying contraband to Great Britain.

48. U-Boats Two types small subs with a crew of 24
larger subs with a crew of 60
44 by 1918
By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

49. Lusitania ad

50. war zone

51. Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons) to the British.
SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner.
Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons) to the British.
Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans.
U.S. and other countries outraged towards Germany because of “unrestricted submarine warfare”.
US believed the Germans had violated international law of targeting civilians

52. Lusitania

53. BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….
SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany.
Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless warning them first and providing safety for civilians.
BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

54. X
Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March Germany promised not to sink anymore ships.
war zone

57. ZIMMERMAN NOTE Berlin, January 19, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with
zimmerman notes

58. Zimmerman (Secretary of State)
ZIMMERMAN NOTE
with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan;
at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman (Secretary of State)
zimmerman notes

59. zimmerman code

60. zimmerman code

61. zimmerman cartoon

62. WILSON'S WAR SPEECH
When German submarines sank three American merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

63. April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany.
Wilson's War Speech
April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany.
The new German policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind….have been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board….The present German submarine war…..is a war against all nations….Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but on the vindication of right, of human right….
We are…..the sincere friends of the German people…..We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions towards the millions of men and women of

64. Wilson's War Speech
German birth and native sympathy who live amongst us and share our life…... There are……many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance.
But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts……democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right…..as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world safe for democracy.

65. Wilson's War Speech
To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured.

66. Principles Fought For The right is more precious than peace
war to end all war
The world must be safe for democracy.
defend human rights
defend our trade
neutrality
freedom of the seas
violation of international law

67. I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law……….
kaiser defies

68. SANDWICH MAN
sandwich man
The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t happen! The German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our freedom of the seas and neutrality.