PARTS 3 & 4 SPEECH ORGANIZATION

Selecting a topic Subject - a broad area of knowledge Subject - a broad area of knowledge Topic- some specific aspect of a subject Topic- some specific aspect of a subject

Identifying subjects What a subject areas are important to you? What a subject areas are important to you? What subject areas you know something about? What subject areas you know something about? Setting the location and occasion for a speech Setting the location and occasion for a speech General goal- type of speech General goal- type of speech Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the exact response you want from the audience. Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the exact response you want from the audience. Thesis Statement- a sentence that outline the specific elements of the speech that support your goal. Thesis Statement- a sentence that outline the specific elements of the speech that support your goal.

Organization Patterns Topic Order- Organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject. Topic Order- Organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject. Time/chronological Order – organizing main pts, as a sequence of ideas or events, focusing on what comes first, second, third. Time/chronological Order – organizing main pts, as a sequence of ideas or events, focusing on what comes first, second, third. Space Order – Organizing main pts. By following a spatial or geographic progression. Space Order – Organizing main pts. By following a spatial or geographic progression. Narrative Pattern- speech is arranged to tell a story Narrative Pattern- speech is arranged to tell a story Circular pattern- one idea leads to the next Circular pattern- one idea leads to the next

Organization Patterns Logical reasons order – organizing main pts. With statements that indicate why the audience should believe something or behave in a particular way. Logical reasons order – organizing main pts. With statements that indicate why the audience should believe something or behave in a particular way. Cause & effect pattern- Shows cause- effect relationships Cause & effect pattern- Shows cause- effect relationships Problem-Solution- show the nature of the problem & justifies proposed solution Problem-Solution- show the nature of the problem & justifies proposed solution

Goal of an Introduction get attention get attention set off the tone of a speech set off the tone of a speech create a bond of goodwill create a bond of goodwill establish credibility establish credibility lead into content of speech lead into content of speech

Types of introductions startling statement startling statement rhetorical questions rhetorical questions story story personal references personal references quote quote suspense suspense

Types of conclusions Summary Summary Stories Stories Appeal to action- describes behaviors you want your listeners to follow. Appeal to action- describes behaviors you want your listeners to follow. Emotional impact Emotional impact

Gathering Ideas and Materials Taking Too Long to Get to the Point Including Irrelevant Material Leaving Out Necessary Information Getting Ideas Mixed Up Common Organizational Problems

Gathering Ideas and Materials I. Introduction A. Attention getter B. Thesis II. Body A. B. (no more than five main points) C. Etc. III. Conclusion A. Review B. Closing statement Sample Outline for an Effective Presentation

Organizing the Body Identify Main Points and Subpoints Choose the Best Organizational Pattern Chronological Spatial Topical Cause-Effect Problem-Solution

Organizing the Body Figure 11-2: A logic tree illustrates the relationship between the thesis, main points, and subpoints.

Organizing the Body Main Points Should be Stated as Claims All Points Should Develop the Thesis A Presentation Should Contain No More than Five Main Points Each Main Point Should Contain Only One Idea Main Points Should be Parallel in Structure Whenever Possible Rules for Main Points

Planning the Introduction Capture the Listener’s Attention Give Your Audience a Reason to Listen Set the Proper Tone for the Topic and Setting Establish Your Qualifications Introduce Your Thesis and Preview Your Presentation Functions of the Introduction

Planning the Introduction Ask a Question Tell a Story Present a Quotation Make a Startling Statement Refer to the Audience Refer to the Occasion Use Humor Types of Opening Statements

Planning the Conclusion The Review The Closing Statement Functions of the Conclusion

Planning the Conclusion Return to the Theme of Your Opening Statement Appeal for Action End with a Challenge Types of Closing Statements

Adding Transitions Functions of Transitions They Promote Clarity They Emphasize Important Ideas They Keep Listeners Interested

Adding Transitions Characteristics of Effective Transitions They Refer to Both Preceding and Upcoming Ideas A Bridge to Get Listeners From One Point to Another

Using Language F Use specific language Concrete & precise Concrete & precise F Provide details & examples F Be sensitive to cultural differences F Use Repetition

Speaking Vividly & Emphatically F Vivid Language- Language that is full of life, bright, intense F Simile- A direct comparison of dissimilar things using like or as F Metaphor- a comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects F Personification-The attribution of human qualities to in animate things or ideas

Drama F Omission- Leave out a word or phrase that the audience expects to hear. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar

F Inversion- Reverse the normal word order of a phrase or sentence. “This much we pledge…” “This much we pledge…”JFK F Suspension-Place the key word or phrase at the end of the sentence. “ Things go better with coke (vs.) Coke goes better with everything”. “ Things go better with coke (vs.) Coke goes better with everything”.

Cadence F Parallelism- Occurs when two or more clauses or sentences have the same grammatical pattern. “We will walk on our feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds.” “We will walk on our feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds.” Emerson Emerson “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar (number your points) (number your points)

F Antithesis- A sentence that has two parts with parallel structure but contrasting meaning. “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”. “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”. JFK JFK

F Repetition F (Anaphora- repeats a word or phrase— F “Blessed are the poor…, blessed are the meek…, blessed are the peacemakers…”) F Alliteration- The repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase. F (“Down with dope, up with hope” J. Jackson)