1. Public Communication 1 Focus Questions 1. What is public speaking? 2. Do ordinary people do much public speaking? 3. How do speakers earn credibility? 4. How do credible speakers organize and support their ideas? 5. Do many people experience speaking anxiety? 6. How can you be a critical listener of public communication?

2. Public Communication 2 Public communication as enlarged conversation (James Winans, 1938) Public communication as enlarged conversation (James Winans, 1938) Preparation time Preparation time Turn-taking delay Turn-taking delay Public speaking in everyday life Public speaking in everyday life Personal satisfaction to give voice Personal satisfaction to give voice Being effective citizens Being effective citizens Linking to professional success Linking to professional success

3. Public Communication 3 Types of Public Speeches Speaking to entertain Speaking to entertain To engage, interest, amuse listeners To engage, interest, amuse listeners May include information about occasion May include information about occasion Humor and offense Humor and offense Narrative speaking (story-telling) Narrative speaking (story-telling) Speaking to inform Speaking to inform To increase listeners ’ understanding, awareness To increase listeners ’ understanding, awareness May take form of demonstration May take form of demonstration Speaking to persuade Speaking to persuade To change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors To change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors

4. Public Communication 4 Features of Public Speaking Greater responsibility to plan and prepare Greater responsibility to plan and prepare Evidence Evidence Reasoning Reasoning Structure of ideas Structure of ideas Delivery practice Delivery practice Less direct interaction Less direct interaction Speaker dominates Speaker dominates Listeners still participate “ actively ” Listeners still participate “ actively ” Nodding, smiling, facial expressions … Nodding, smiling, facial expressions …

5. Public Communication 5 Planning and Presenting Effective public speaking is a process, not an isolated event. The process begins with understanding of credibility and ways to earn it. Effective public speaking is a process, not an isolated event. The process begins with understanding of credibility and ways to earn it. Earning credibility Earning credibility Listener believing in a speaker and trust what is said Listener believing in a speaker and trust what is said Based on listeners perceptions of speaker ’ s position, authority, knowledge, dynamism, and trustworthiness Based on listeners perceptions of speaker ’ s position, authority, knowledge, dynamism, and trustworthiness Initial credibility: Titles, experience, achievements Initial credibility: Titles, experience, achievements Derived credibility: During presentation Derived credibility: During presentation Terminal credibility: Cumulative combination of two above Terminal credibility: Cumulative combination of two above

6. Public Communication 6 Preparing and Presenting 1. Planning Public Speeches (next slides) 2. Researching and Supporting Public Speeches 3. Organizing Speeches 4. Developing Effective Delivery

7. Public Communication 7 Planning Public Speeches Selecting a topic Selecting a topic Topic that you care about Topic that you care about Appropriate to listeners Appropriate to listeners Appropriate to situation Appropriate to situation Limited in scope Limited in scope Defining the purpose Defining the purpose General and specific purpose General and specific purpose Developing the thesis Developing the thesis Clear thesis statement – “ I want listeners to buckle up. ” Clear thesis statement – “ I want listeners to buckle up. ”

8. Public Communication 8 Researching and Supporting Public Speeches Evidence Evidence To make ideas more clear, more compelling To make ideas more clear, more compelling To fortify speakers opinions (more persuasive) To fortify speakers opinions (more persuasive) To heighten speaker ’ s credibility To heighten speaker ’ s credibility Effectiveness depends on whether listeners accept. Effectiveness depends on whether listeners accept. Five forms of evidence: Five forms of evidence: Statistics, Examples, Comparisons, Quotations, Visual aids Statistics, Examples, Comparisons, Quotations, Visual aids

9. Public Communication 9 Researching and Supporting Public Speeches Checking on evidence Checking on evidence Statistics still valid? Statistics still valid? Quoted person ’ s personal interest (biased?) Quoted person ’ s personal interest (biased?) Quoted person an expert? (Halo effect --- outside one ’ s expertise) Quoted person an expert? (Halo effect --- outside one ’ s expertise) Example representative? Example representative? Comparison fair? Comparison fair? Visual aids clear? Visual aids clear?

10. Public Communication 10 Organizing Speeches Effectiveness can be increased: Effectiveness can be increased: Structure - Ideas coming in some order Structure - Ideas coming in some order Organized speech more persuasive than disorganized one Organized speech more persuasive than disorganized one Organization reflects preparation and enhances credibility. Organization reflects preparation and enhances credibility. Organization: Organization: The introduction The introduction The body The body Conclusion Conclusion Transitions Transitions

11. Public Communication 11 Organization of Speech The introduction The introduction To capture attention, state the thesis, preview the claims To capture attention, state the thesis, preview the claims The body of the speech The body of the speech To organize content into related points To organize content into related points Temporal (time, chronological) pattern Temporal (time, chronological) pattern Spatial pattern (physical relationships) Spatial pattern (physical relationships) Topical (classification) pattern, star structure Topical (classification) pattern, star structure Wave pattern (repetition with variation or extension of theme) Wave pattern (repetition with variation or extension of theme) Comparative pattern Comparative pattern Problem-solution pattern Problem-solution pattern Cause-effect; effect-cause pattern Cause-effect; effect-cause pattern Motivated sequence pattern: Order of human thought (next slide) Motivated sequence pattern: Order of human thought (next slide)

12. Public Communication 12 Organization of Speech Motivated sequence pattern: 5 sequential steps Motivated sequence pattern: 5 sequential steps Attention step Attention step Need step Need step Satisfaction step (solution) Satisfaction step (solution) Visualization step (imagination, envision) Visualization step (imagination, envision) Action step (recommendation) Action step (recommendation)

13. Public Communication 13 Organization of Speech Conclusion Conclusion A good speech ends on a strong note. A good speech ends on a strong note. Summarizing main ideas Summarizing main ideas Leaving a memorable final ideas Leaving a memorable final ideas Transitions Transitions Moving from one idea to another Moving from one idea to another Words, phrases Words, phrases

14. Public Communication 14 Developing Effective Delivery Dynamism and Speaker ’ s credibility Dynamism and Speaker ’ s credibility Oral style should be more personal than written: I vs. The speaker Oral style should be more personal than written: I vs. The speaker Eye contact Eye contact Immediacy; short sentences rather than long ones Immediacy; short sentences rather than long ones Rhetorical questions, interjections, redundancy Rhetorical questions, interjections, redundancy

15. Public Communication 15 Four Styles of Delivery Impromptu delivery Impromptu delivery Little or no preparation; not for novice speaker Little or no preparation; not for novice speaker Extemporaneous delivery Extemporaneous delivery Substantial preparation; relying on notes not exact words; politician, attorney Substantial preparation; relying on notes not exact words; politician, attorney Manuscript delivery Manuscript delivery Presenting written manuscript; precision Presenting written manuscript; precision Memorized delivery Memorized delivery Presenting memorized text; risk of canned delivery lacking dynamism; forgetting Presenting memorized text; risk of canned delivery lacking dynamism; forgetting

16. Public Communication 16 Challenges in Public Speaking Understanding and controlling anxiety Understanding and controlling anxiety Causes of communication apprehension (next slide) Causes of communication apprehension (next slide) Reducing communication apprehension Reducing communication apprehension Adapting to audiences Adapting to audiences Learning about listeners Learning about listeners Tailoring speeches to listeners Tailoring speeches to listeners Listening critically to speakers Listening critically to speakers Four checking questions (p. 321) Four checking questions (p. 321)

17. Public Communication 17 Understanding Anxiety Causes of apprehension Causes of apprehension Unfamiliar with people (audience) Unfamiliar with people (audience) Uncertain situations Uncertain situations Being in the spotlight Being in the spotlight Being evaluated Being evaluated Past failure Past failure Chronic; Learned apprehension Chronic; Learned apprehension

18. Public Communication 18 Reducing Anxiety Methods of reducing apprehension Methods of reducing apprehension Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization Relax and reduce psychological features (breath) Relax and reduce psychological features (breath) Cognitive restructuring Cognitive restructuring Identify and challenge negative self-statement Identify and challenge negative self-statement Positive visualization Positive visualization Enact positive mental pictures in speaking situation Enact positive mental pictures in speaking situation Skills training Skills training