1. Chapter 3.12: Organizing the Speech

2. Organizing the Speech
Organizing the speech (arrangement) is the strategic process of deciding how to order speech points into a coherent and convincing pattern for your topic and audience.
Speech is composed of three general parts
Introduction- establishes the purpose of the speech and shows relevance to the audience
Body- presents main points that are intended to fulfill the speech purpose
Conclusion- ties the purpose and the main points together.

3. Main Points Main points the key ideas and major themes of the speech;
use the specific purpose and thesis statements as guides to help generate main points
Restrict number of main points (2 to 5)
Limit and narrow main points
Restrict to a single idea
Main points should be stated in parallel form (similar grammatical form and style) whenever possible (pg. 193)
Main points should reflect back to the purpose statement to keep the audience on track

4. Supporting Points: Substantiating the Claim
Supporting points represent the supporting material you have gathered to fill out or justify the main points and lead the audience to accept the purpose of the speech.
Supporting points appear in subordinate position to main points
indicated by indentation on outline.
The roman numeral outline is the most common format

5. Principles of Organizing main and supporting points
A well-organized speech is characterized by unity, coherence, and balance.
A speech exhibits unity when it contains only those points that are implied by the purpose and thesis statement.
Coherence refers to clarity and logical consistency.
Coherence can be ensured by adhering to the principle of coordination and subordination- the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another.
The principle of balance suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and to the theme.

6. Transitions
Transitions are words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the speaker to move smoothly from one point to the next.
Full-sentence transitions are effective when moving from one main point to another (pg. 98)
Conjunctions or phrases (signposts) can be effective (pg. 99)
Restate-forecast form- the transition restates the point just covered and previews the point to be covered next (pg. 99)
Transitions can also be stated as rhetorical questions-do not invite actual responses (pg. 102)
Previews are transitions that tell the audience what to expect next.
The preview statement describes what will be covered in the body of the speech
In the body, internal previews can be used to alert audience members to ensuring main points.
The internal summary draws together ideas before proceeding to another speech point.

7. Chapter 3.13: Selecting an Organizational Arrangement

8. Types of Organizational Arrangements
Arranging speech points topically- the topical pattern of arrangement (categorical pattern) is used when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic
Arranging speech points chronologically- the chronological pattern of arrangement (temporal pattern) follows the natural sequential order of the main points
Arranging speech points using a spatial pattern- the spatial pattern of arrangement suggests that main points be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other
Arranging speech points using a causal (cause-effect) pattern- the speaker relates something known to be a “cause” to its “effects:” known as a causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement
Arranging speech points using a problem-solution pattern- the problem-solution pattern of arrangement organizes main points both to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and to provide justification for a proposed solution

9. Types of Organizational Arrangements
Arranging speech points using a narrative pattern- the narrative pattern of arrangement consists of a story or a series of short stories, replete with characters, settings, plot, and vivid imagery.
Arranging the speech points using a circular pattern- circular pattern of arrangement, the speaker develops one idea, which leads to another, which leads to a third, and so on, until he/she arrives back at the speech thesis.

10. Chapter 3.14: Outlining the Speech
Plan on creating two outlines
A working outline (preparation outline) helps you refine and finalize the specific purpose and thesis statements, firm up and organize main points, and develop supporting materials to substantiate them.
A speaking outline (delivery outline) is used when practicing and presenting the speech.
Ideas in condensed form

11. Types of Outline Formats
The sentence outline format- each main point and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative sentence
The phrase outline format- uses partial construction of the sentence form of each point, instead of using complete sentences that present precise wording for each point.
The key-word outline format uses the smallest possible units of understanding associated with a specific point to outline the main and supporting points.

12. Create a working outline first
Separate the introduction and conclusion from the body
Prepare the body first
List your sources
Create a title

13. Prepare the speaking outline
Condense full sentences into key words
Clearly indicate delivery cues
Delivery cues are brief reminder notes
Practice the speech
See page 121 for detailed steps