After WWII – US Goals: 1. Encourage Democracy & halt spread of communism 2. Gain access to materials & markets to fuel US industry 3.Rebuild Euro gov’ts to promote stability & create markets for US goods 4.Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase security in Europe

Truman Doctrine - US policy intended to prevent the spread of Communism Marshall Plan, US aid program for European nations damaged by WWII - USSR rejected the aid & refused to let satellites participate in the program #1

The European Recovery Act (Marshal Plan) - by 1952, production levels in Europe exceeded pre-war levels

After WWII – Soviet Union’s Goals: 1.Install communist gov’ts in Eastern Europe, promote world wide worker’s revolution 2. Rebuild its economy using E. Europe’s resources 3.Control E. Euro borders to set up a buffer between Soviet Union & the West 4.Keep Germany divided & weak so it could never again invade Russian territory

Superpowers Western Europe - no longer the most powerful - replaced by US & USSR Cold War - the period of hostility between US & USSR Why? USSR - suffered most losses in WWII (over 20 million) - over 10 million in WWI - millions more to Napoleon’s invasion in Stalin was determined to defend USSR from future western invasions #2

- puppet gov’ts set up in lands liberated by USSR during WWII Satellites - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria - countries that became communist & were controlled by USSR Iron Curtain - Stalin prevented contact between satellites and Western Europe Albania & Yugoslavia - became communist states - allied with, but not controlled by USSR Soviet Bloc - all of the above nations #3

New Military Alliances NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - US, GB, FR and their allies Warsaw Pact - USSR and their allies #4

The Berlin Airlift - Berlin lay deep w/in Soviet-held territory - The city was divided between the 4 major allied powers Soviets blockaded the other zones of the city British & American planes supplied the 2 million West Berlin pop. with supplies for almost a full year before Stalin ended the blockade

UN - The United Nations Goal - Save the world from war General Assembly & Security Council - The 2 most important of the 6 main bodies of the UN Security Council - 5 permanent members were WWII Allies - US, UK, FR, USSR, China - each of the 5 has veto power over security council decisions

Divided Germany - 2 separate nations West Germany - democracy allied w/ US East Germany - communist state controlled by USSR

The Arms & Space Race Soviets successfully test nuclear weapon Deterrence - each built so many weapons that the other would not dare to attack due to “mutual assured destruction” ICBM’s - intercontinental ballistic missles - missles that could reach any part of the planet

Cuban Missile Crisis Communist revolution in Cuba October USSR secretly shipped nuclear weapons to Cuba - 90 miles from US JFK orchestrated an end to the confrontation, USSR removed missiles, world saved from destruction

The Gorbachev Reforms Mikhail Gorbachev chosen as Soviet leader - he was not one of the “old guard” who joined the party under Stalin - He knew that USSR was backward and falling behind - He instituted drastic changes to help the failing empire - changes that led to its collapse

Gorbachev’s Reforms - worked to reduce nuclear stockpile - withdrew Soviet forces from Afghanistan - gave up direct control of satellite states - permitted reunification of Germany - Perestroika - “restructuring” - Gorbachev’s policy of bringing about democracy in the USSR Glasnost - “openness” - G. parted with the secrecy of former leaders to reveal the corruption, brutality, & inefficiency of the Soviet system

USSR

Commonwealth of Independent States