2.  Ideological conflict between the US and USSR ◦ Disagreement on beliefs ◦ Which economy was better?  Communism vs. Capitalism ◦ Who was more powerful? ◦ Which government was better?  Dictator vs. Democracy

3.  US upset over Nonaggression Pact ◦ Also no help w/Japan  USSR wanted US aid sooner in war

4.  The Big Three ◦ Churchill, FDR, Stalin  Nov 1943  Plan to end war ◦ American-British invasion of France ◦ USSR would liberate eastern Europe ◦ Agreement over partition of Germany

5.  February 1945 – Big Three meet in Southern Russia  Western powers feared Soviet control of Eastern Europe ◦ 11 million soldiers

6.  Stalin suspicious of the Western powers ◦ Wanted a buffer to protect USSR from invasion  FDR wanted self-determination ◦ Liberated Europe have free elections

7. 1. Agree to divide Germany into zones 2. Germany has to pay USSR reparations 3. Eastern European countries would have free elections

9.  New peacekeeping organization  USA and USSR join (48 others)  New York City  Security Council ◦ Power to investigate and settle ◦ 5 permanent members  GB, China, Fr., US, USSR  Veto power

11. US USSR  Encourage democracy  Gain access to raw materials and markets  Rebuild gov’ts to promote stability  Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase security  Encourage communism as part of worldwide workers’ revolution  Rebuild economy using industrial equipment and raw materials from E. Europe  Control E. Europe to protect borders  Keep Germany divided to prevent war

12.  July 1945  Harry Truman replaces FDR ◦ Demanded free elections in Eastern Europe  Stalin felt threatened ◦ Free elections would threaten goal of controlling Eastern Europe

13.  Allies do agree to Nuremberg Trials ◦ Leaders of Nazi Party ◦ Committed war crimes against humanity during war

14.  USSR wants buffer from invasion  Installs communist gov’t ◦ Albania ◦ Bulgaria ◦ Hungary ◦ Czechoslovakia ◦ Romania ◦ Poland ◦ Yugoslavia  Truman protests  Stalin ignores

15.  Eastern and Western Europe split  Germany divided into East Germany and West Germany ◦ Berlin (in E.G. is split)  “Iron Curtain” ◦ Churchill ◦ Democratic West ◦ Communist East

16.  Containment ◦ Blocking Soviet influence ◦ Stopping expansion of Communism ◦ Forming alliances ◦ Aiding weaker countries resist

17.  Truman Doctrine ◦ $500 million to Greece and Turkey  Marshall Plan ◦ Assistance program to rebuild Western Europe

18. Berlin Airlift –USSR held W. Berlin hostage –Hoped Allies would surrender –11 months Allies flew in supplies –May 1949 Soviets admit defeat Lift blockade

22.  NATO ◦ Western Alliances ◦ Attack one was attack on all

23.  Warsaw Pact ◦ Eastern Alliance  Berlin Wall (1961)

28.  1949 – USSR explodes atomic bomb  Sets off race to create deadlier weapon ◦ 1953 – Hydrogen Bomb created

29.  John Foster Dulles ◦ US Secretary of State under Eisenhower  Willingness to go to the brink of war ◦ US strengthened air force and stockpiled nuclear weapons ◦ USSR responded in same way ◦ Begins arms race