1. Spinrad/World History Chapter 17.1 The Cold War
Two Superpowers Face Off

2. Causes of the Cold War
U.S. support of Whites during Russian Revolution
During WWII, the Soviet Union and United States were allies, but they weren’t friends!
U.S. suspicious of Stalin who had signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler, uncomfortable with a
communist dictator who desires worldwide communism
Stalin begged for a second front
but the allies delayed invasion
of Europe until 1944

3. Yalta Conference February 1945
Roosevelt (United States), Churchill (Great Britain), Stalin (Soviet Union)
What should happen to Germany after WWII?
Divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the allied nations
Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Germany but didn’t keep his promises!
Stalin agreed to join the Allies fighting Japan

4. Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta

5. Germany was divided into 4 zones, ruled by Britain, France, U. S
Germany was divided into 4 zones, ruled by Britain, France, U.S. and Soviet Union
Division of Germany
Britain, France and U.S. joined zones, making West Germany and East Germany was created in Soviet zone

6. Post WWII Formation of United Nations
United Nations: international peacekeeping organization of countries who intended to protect each other against aggression
11 member Security Council to investigate and settle disputed
Britain, China, France, U.S. and Soviet Union the only permanent members of Security Council; had veto power

7. United States vs. Soviet Goals
Soviet Union
Encourage free markets and democracy in countries to prevent the rise of Communism
Encourage Communism in other countries to unite workers of the world in a revolution
Gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel industry
Rebuild war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials
Rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for American goods
Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders and balance U.S. influence in Western Europe
Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase the security of Europe
Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again
How did U.S. and Soviet goals conflict?

8. Stalin Breaks Yalta Agreement
Stalin wanted buffer countries along the Soviet Union’s western border to protect from invasion
DID NOT allow free elections in Eastern Europe as promised
Installed Communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia

9. Potsdam Conference July 1945—Churchill voted out, FDR dead
Harry S. Truman (United States), Clement Attlee(Great Britain) and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
Truman pressed for free elections in Eastern Europe and Stalin refused
In 1946, Stalin explained that communism and capitalism could not exist simultaneously, foreshadowing a war between the United States and the Soviet Union

10. Potsdam Conference

11. In 1949, Churchill declared that an “iron curtain” had descended across Europe, dividing mostly democratic Western Europe from Communist Eastern Europe
Stalin took this as a “call to war”, beginning the Cold War, or a state of hostility that existed between the U.S. and Soviet Union from 1949 until 1991 when the Soviet Union broke up

12. Containment
The United States adopted a policy of containment, or blocking Soviet influence and preventing the spread of communism
Created alliances in Europe
Helped weak countries resist Soviet advances

13. Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan
1947 U.S. policy of giving aid to free nations threatened by Stalin and communism
$400 million in aid given to Turkey and Greece
Marshall Plan
1948 U.S. program of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII
$12.5 billion in aid to provide food, machines and other materials European countries needed to rebuild and help them resist communism… WHY??

14. Berlin Airlift
Berlin, the capital of Germany, was divided between France, Great Britain, the United States and Soviet Union
It was located in East Germany, or the Soviet zone

15. Berlin Airlift 1948, France, Britain and U.S. withdrew troops
Soviet Union took West Berlin hostage, cutting off traffic into western zone
No supplies could get in
People faced starvation
Stalin wanted the west to surrender West Berlin or give up their plans of reunifying Germany

16. Berlin Airlift
In response, for 11 months the British and Americans flew 2.3 million tons of food, fuel, medicine and even Christmas presents to West Berlin, taking a total of 277,000 flights, until the blockade was lifted in May 1949

17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (N.A.T.O.)
Alliance of 10 Western European nations, Canada and the United States formed in 1949
An attack on one member would be considered an attack on all
In response to N.A.T.O., Stalin formed the Warsaw Pact, an alliance of Eastern European nations and the Soviet Union

18. Cold War Alliances
N.A.T.O.
Warsaw Pact
Neutral

19. Brinkmanship By 1949 both the U.S. and Soviet Union had atomic bombs
In November 1952, the U.S. exploded its first hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), which was thousands of times stronger than atomic bomb
By August 1953 the Soviet Union exploded their own H-bomb
John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Eisenhower, said that the U.S. was willing to go to the brink of war, or practice brinkmanship arms race

20. H-Bomb

21. Space Race The arms race led to a space race
1957 the Soviets launched the beeping satellite Sputnik I, making the Americans feel inferior in science and technology
The U.S poured billions of dollars into education and created NASA

22. Tensions increased when the Soviets caught Francis Gary Powers, a U-2 pilot, spying for the CIA in Soviet air space
U-2 Spy Plane