Theories and Theorists By: Katie and Cassidy

Psychodynamic Main Theorists: Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson

Sigmund Freud 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939 Biography: was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis Was a qualified doctor of medicine He carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomical at a hospital in 1882 became a professor in 1902 Theory: Personality is defined by 3 stages Id- instinctive part that drives people to seek satisfaction Ego- rational structure that forms peoples sense of self Superego- moral side that informs people of right or wrong Thinks that human development is more than just central growth of language, perception, or cognition

Erik Erikson 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994 Biography: He taught in progressive and Montessori schools in Europe Trained as a psychoanalysis and was interested in connections between psychotherapy and education. He was the first analyst in the Boston area and he taught at many universities across America. Theory- Human Development-Life is a series of stages through which each person passes. Stage one- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to one year) Stage two- Autonomy vs. Doubt (two to three years) Stage three- Initiative vs. Guilt (three to five or six years) Stage four- Industry vs. Inferiority (six to twelve years) Play is important, he supports schools with “free play” or “choice time”

Behaviorists John B. Watson Edward L. Thorndike B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura

John B. Watson Theories: Biography: American Theorist who studied animal experiments of the Russian scientist, Ivan Pablo Translated ideas of conditioning into human terms He could shape a persons entire life by controlling exactly the events of an infants first year. Theories: He could shape a persons entire life by controlling exactly the events of an infants first year. One of his ideas was to discourage emotional ties between parents and children because it disrupted the child’s learning environment

Edward L. Thorndike Theories: Biography: Focused on conditions of learning Stimulis-response Learning habits Thought it was wise to pay close attention to consequences and behavior through reinforcement Biography: Studied conditions of learning Known as “Godfather of Standardized testing” Helped develop scales to measure student achievement. Was famous for his unique tecniques

B.F Skinner Biography: Took the idea of “Tabula rasa” one step further Behavior controlled by environment Enforced that there is no behavior that cannot be modified Theories: Enforced that there is no behavior that cannot be modified Cope effective with the world Designed experience Some said he used people as puppets

Albert Bandura Biography: Developed another type of learning called social learning Believes children follow the footsteps of their parents Watched how children learned rules Theories: Believes children follow the footsteps of their parents His theory is socialization-the process of learning to perform social rules Things such as television, computers, and video games have a big impact on children’s behavior

Cognitive Jean jacques Piaget

Jean Jacques Piaget 1896-1980 Biography: Studied thought of processes and how they change with age Had a great influence on child Psychology Became an expert on development on knowledge from birth to adulthood Born at the turn of the century Longed a lifelong study of intelligence Begin studying child thought processes (studied his own children)

Theories of Jean Jacques Piaget Did not think intrinsic or extrinsic offered a full explanation for amazing, complex behaviors Relied on both maturational and environmental factors Believed that all species inherit a basic tendency to organize their lives and adapt to the world around them Believes in an order of stages: Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational stage Formal Operational stage

Sociocultural Lev Vygotsky

Biography of Lev Vygotsky Born in 1896 in Byelorussia Graduated from Moscow University in 1917 Got his literature degree Taught literature and Psychology for the next 6 years In 1924 he began working in the institute of Psychology in Moscow Gathered a group of young scientists Got tuberculosis and died in 1934 at age of 34

Theories of Lev Vygotsky Believed in collaborative/assistive learning Focuses on how values, beliefs, skills, and traditions are transmitted to the next generation. Believed in connection between children and important people Provides a helpful structure Dictates that learning involves critical thinking and interation In the zone of proximal development Private speech