Word of the Day Macromolecule: a larger molecule--there are 4 types that make up all living things!!

Biological Macromolecules

Similarities among all types of cells All cells use nucleic acids (DNA) to store information All cells use proteins (ex: enzymes) for chemical reactions All cells use lipids (fats) for the cell membrane & long-term energy storage All cells use carbohydrates for cell walls (if present), recognition, and short-term energy

Macromolecules Monomers (subunits) Carbohydrates :monosaccharide Lipids : glycerol and fatty acids Proteins : amino acids Nucleic acids :nucleotides

Where do macromolecules come from? Some cells can make all of the monomers Some cells can get these subunits from food Some cells can convert other compounds into these subunits

A. Carbohydrates All have general formula C n H 2n O n C 6 H Ex: Glucose

Carbohydrate Structure RINGS!  Glucose Galactose

Carbohydrate Structure Monosaccharides can link to form disaccharides GlucoseFructose Sucrose +

Carbohydrates  Function: to provide Cell structure Cellulose in plant cell walls Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in bacterial cell wall Chitin in exoskeleton

Complex Carbohydrates & Function Cellulose Most abundant carbohydrate on the planet!  Makes up plant cell walls (structure)  Indigestible by animals Starch  Energy storage molecule in plants  Can be digested by animals Glycogen  Animal energy reserve  Found primarily in liver and muscle

Complex Carbohydrates

B. Lipids Lipids  Monomers: Fatty acids (Polymers of CH 2 units) AND Glycerol  Structure: long chains of CH 2 units

Lipids Function  Long-term Energy Storage  Make up cell membranes and cell compartments

C. Proteins Proteins serve many essential roles in the cell  Monomer is amino acid  20 naturally occurring amino acids The large number of amino acids allows huge diversity in amino acid sequence

Protein Function Some examples Structure  Lamins, collagen, keratin……. Movement -  Micro-tubueles, actin, myosin Transport-regulate transport  Channels, receptors, dynin, kinesin Communication  Hormones Chemical Catalyst  Enzymes (thousands of different enzymes) Defense  Antibodies, cellular immune factors Regulatory  Checkpoint proteins, cyclins, transcription factors

D. Nucleic Acids DNA –deoxyribonucleic acid RNA –ribonucleic acid Monomer: nucleotide

Function of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids  Information Storage DNA / mRNA  Information transfer / Recognition rRNA / tRNA / snRNA