14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 QUIT 14 CHAPTER The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 Chapter Overview Time Line 1 Church Reform and the Crusades SECTION MAP 2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution SECTION SECTION 3 England and France Develop 4 A Century of Turmoil GRAPH SECTION Visual Summary

14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 HOME 14 CHAPTER The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 Chapter Overview The Church is revitalized but its Crusades fail to capture Jerusalem. Rising prosperity and trade create thriving towns. France and England develop more representative government. Bubonic plague and the Hundred Years’ War bring an end to the Middle Ages.

14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 HOME Time Line 800 1500 CHAPTER The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 Time Line 987 Capetian dynasty begins in France. 1096 First Crusade begins. 1347 Bubonic plague strikes Europe. 800 1500 910 Benedictine Abbey founded at Cluny, France. 1066 Norman invasion of England. 1215 King John approves Magna Carta. 1453 Hundred Years’ War ends with French victory.

Church Reform and the Crusades Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Church Reform and the Crusades Key Idea A spiritual revival leads to Church reform, new religious orders, and the building of Gothic cathedrals. The Crusades, though unsuccessful, strengthen European monarchies and increase trade with the Middle East. Overview Assessment

Church Reform and the Crusades Overview 1 • simony HOME 1 Church Reform and the Crusades TERMS & NAMES Overview • simony • St. Francis of Assisi • Gothic • Urban II • Crusade • Saladin • Richard the Lion-Hearted • Reconquista • Inquisition MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and others. The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust. Assessment

Church Reform and the Crusades 1 1 HOME 1 Church Reform and the Crusades Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List six key events that summarize the Age of Faith. 1090s Pope calls for the First Crusade. 1187 Jerusalem falls to Saladin. 1492 Reconquista ends in Spain. 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 910 Benedictine monastery founded at Cluny. 1099 Jerusalem is captured by Christians. 1204 Christian knights loot Constantinople. continued . . .

Church Reform and the Crusades 1 1 HOME 1 Church Reform and the Crusades Section 1 Assessment 2. Which of the Church’s problems—marriage of priests, simony, lay investiture—do you think was most harmful to the Church? Why? THINK ABOUT • the effects of each problem • the reforms that corrected each problem ANSWER Possible Responses: • Priests’ marriages undermined the authority of the Church. • Simony rewarded wealth, not merit. • Lay investiture made bishops the pawns of kings. End of Section 1

Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution Key Idea 2 HOME 2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution MAP Key Idea New farming methods and a growing food supply lead to expansion of trade and finance and the growth of towns. Interest in learning is revived as universities are established and ancient works are rediscovered. Overview Assessment

Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution Overview 2 • three-field system HOME 2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • three-field system • guild • burgher • vernacular • Dante Alighieri • Geoffrey Chaucer • Thomas Aquinas • scholastics MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW European cities challenged the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities developed. The various changes in the Middle Ages laid the foundations for modern Europe. Assessment

Changes in Medieval Society HOME 2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution MAP Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how medieval society changed between 1000 and 1300. Changes in Medieval Society Agriculture improves Population increases Towns grow Universities arise Trade expands continued . . .

Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution 2 2 HOME 2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution MAP Section 2 Assessment 2. What was the effect of towns on the feudal system? THINK ABOUT • where the new townsfolk came from • the saying “Town air makes you free” • the changes experienced by townspeople ANSWER Possible Response: Towns undermined the feudal system by offering former serfs and new town dwellers economic and social opportunities. These burghers worked together to secure their freedom from lords. continued . . .

Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution 2 2 HOME 2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution MAP Section 2 Assessment 3. How did guilds improve the quality of goods and business practices? THINK ABOUT • who enforced standards of quality • who could become guild members ANSWER Possible Responses: • Guilds set standards for quality, weights, measures, and prices for their goods, such as a loaf of bread. • An individual had to master a craft before becoming a guild member. End of Section 2

England and France Develop Key Idea 3 HOME 3 England and France Develop Key Idea England, united under the Normans, and France, united by the Capetian dynasty, take the first steps toward representative government. King John is forced to sign the Magna Carta, and Philip IV includes commoners in the council. Overview Assessment

England and France Develop Overview 3 • William the Conqueror HOME 3 England and France Develop TERMS & NAMES Overview • William the Conqueror • Henry II • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Magna Carta • parliament • Philip II • Louis IX MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop into nations, certain democratic traditions evolved. Modern concepts of jury trials, common law, and legal rights developed during this period. Assessment

Parliament/Estates General HOME 3 England and France Develop Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Name each major step toward a democratic government and describe why it was important. Parliament/Estates General Magna Carta Included commoners/middle class in making laws Courts Guaranteed basic rights Centralized government Led to a unified body of law in England and an appeals court in France Policies of English and French kings applied to all continued . . .

England and France Develop 3 3 HOME 3 England and France Develop Section 3 Assessment 2. Contrast the way in which England and France began developing as nations. THINK ABOUT • the character of William, duke of Normandy, versus the character of Hugh Capet • the rise of the Normans to power in England • the rise of the Capetians to power in France ANSWER Possible Response: William led an invasion of England in 1066 and granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords. Although Hugh Capet was a weak ruler, Capetians gradually consolidated their power. End of Section 3

A Century of Turmoil Key Idea 4 HOME 4 A Century of Turmoil GRAPH Key Idea Church teachings are challenged, and the papacy loses prestige. The bubonic plague kills nearly one third of Europe’s population, and the Hundred Years’ War brings an end to the Middle Ages. Overview Assessment

A Century of Turmoil Overview 4 • Avignon • Great Schism HOME 4 A Century of Turmoil GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Avignon • Great Schism • John Wycliffe • Jan Hus • bubonic plague • Hundred Years’ War • Joan of Arc MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War. Events of the 1300s led to a change in attitudes toward religion and the state, a change reflected in modern attitudes. Assessment

HOME 4 A Century of Turmoil GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the main cause and the long-term effect of the three events listed below. Main Cause Long-Term Effect Split in Church Bubonic Plague Hundred Years’ War Choice of Urban VI as pope Pope’s authority undermined Social destruction and pessimism Fleas carried disease England’s King Edward III claims French throne Promotes democratic institutions continued . . .

HOME 4 A Century of Turmoil GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 2. What problems did survivors face after the bubonic plague swept through their town? THINK ABOUT • the number of dead • the social, political, and economic chaos ANSWER Possible Responses: Survivors had to bury the dead, provide for other survivors, replace town leaders and skilled workers, and try to rebuild their world. continued . . .

HOME 4 A Century of Turmoil GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 3. Do you think John Wycliffe and Jan Hus posed a real threat to the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the two men’s ideas • the condition of the Church at the time ANSWER Possible Responses: Yes. Their ideas undermined the authority of the pope and the Church. No. Their criticism of worldly, wealthy clergy and their call for a return to the authority of the Bible reflected sound Christian beliefs. End of Section 4