1. England and France Develop

2. The Norman Invasion William “The Conqueror”, or Duke of Normandy, invaded England to claim the throneWilliam “The Conqueror”, or Duke of Normandy, invaded England to claim the throne He defeated Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings of 1066 to become kingHe defeated Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings of 1066 to become king William laid the foundation for centralized gov’t in EnglandWilliam laid the foundation for centralized gov’t in England

3. Goals of English Kings English kings wanted to maintain & expand their territory, specifically their French landsEnglish kings wanted to maintain & expand their territory, specifically their French lands –King Henry II added to French lands by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine They also wanted to strengthen their power over both the Church and the nobilityThey also wanted to strengthen their power over both the Church and the nobility

4. Henry II’s Reforms Henry strengthened royal courts by sending royal judges all over England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punish for crimesHenry strengthened royal courts by sending royal judges all over England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punish for crimes Henry introduced the use of a jury in English courtsHenry introduced the use of a jury in English courts –Juries consisted of 12 loyal neighbors of the accused who answered questions about the case –Jury trials only used by king’s courts

5. Common Law The rulings made by England’s royal judges developed a unified body of law referred to as common lawThe rulings made by England’s royal judges developed a unified body of law referred to as common law The principles of English common law are the basis for law in the United States today, as well as other English-speaking countriesThe principles of English common law are the basis for law in the United States today, as well as other English-speaking countries

6. The Magna Carta Henry II  Richard the Lionhearted  John “Softsword”Henry II  Richard the Lionhearted  John “Softsword” John was a poor military leader and lost lands in FranceJohn was a poor military leader and lost lands in France He was cruel to subjects and raised taxesHe was cruel to subjects and raised taxes Nobles revolted and forced John to agree to the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215Nobles revolted and forced John to agree to the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215

7. The Magna Carta The Magna Carta guaranteed basic political rightsThe Magna Carta guaranteed basic political rights Eventually, these basic rights were applied to every citizenEventually, these basic rights were applied to every citizen Rights included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection of the lawRights included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection of the law

8. The Model Parliament King Edward I need to raise taxes for war, and summoned a meeting of a parliament, or legislative groupKing Edward I need to raise taxes for war, and summoned a meeting of a parliament, or legislative group In Nov. 1295, knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met together at Westminster in LondonIn Nov. 1295, knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met together at Westminster in London –This practice continued whenever new taxes were needed In Parliament, a group of knights and burgesses formed the House of Commons, and the nobles and bishops formed the House of LordsIn Parliament, a group of knights and burgesses formed the House of Commons, and the nobles and bishops formed the House of Lords Parliament was a royal tool that weakened lords, but grew in strength to provide a check on royal powerParliament was a royal tool that weakened lords, but grew in strength to provide a check on royal power

9. A New France French kings sought to increase their powerFrench kings sought to increase their power After Charlemagne’s heirs split the empire, France was divided into feudal territories ruled by members of the Carolingian familyAfter Charlemagne’s heirs split the empire, France was divided into feudal territories ruled by members of the Carolingian family Hugh Capet, the duke of middle France, ruled a small area that included ParisHugh Capet, the duke of middle France, ruled a small area that included Paris This began the Capetian Dynasty which ruled France from 987-1328This began the Capetian Dynasty which ruled France from 987-1328

11. The Capetians Philip II, or Philip Augustus, was the most powerful Capetian rulerPhilip II, or Philip Augustus, was the most powerful Capetian ruler Philip II greatly expanded France’s territoryPhilip II greatly expanded France’s territory He wanted a stronger central gov’tHe wanted a stronger central gov’t –Established royal officials known as bailiffs –Bailiffs presided over king’s courts & collected taxes

12. The Capetians Louis IX was the ideal king and was made a saint by the Catholic churchLouis IX was the ideal king and was made a saint by the Catholic church –Created a French appeals court to overturn decisions made by local courts –Strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties Philip IV is known for quarrels with the popePhilip IV is known for quarrels with the pope –Pope forbade priests to pay king’s taxes –Philip IV needed to gain support for his policies –Called a meeting of lords, bishops, and also commoners to get this support

13. The Estates 1 st Estate = Church leaders 2 nd Estate = lords 3 rd Estate = commoners, wealthy landowners or merchants Meeting of all three estates = Estates-General

14. The Estates General Like the English Parliament, the Estates-General helped increase the king’s power over the nobilityLike the English Parliament, the Estates-General helped increase the king’s power over the nobility However, while Parliament eventually became an independent force that limited the king’s power, the Estates-General did notHowever, while Parliament eventually became an independent force that limited the king’s power, the Estates-General did not

15. Beginnings of Democracy Centralized gov’t to rule widespread landsCentralized gov’t to rule widespread lands Common law & court systems contributed toward stronger central gov’t powerCommon law & court systems contributed toward stronger central gov’t power Including commoners in decision-making process of gov’tIncluding commoners in decision-making process of gov’t