Vocabulary 1. Young Turks 2. Mamluks 3. Suez Canal 4. Compradors 5. Opium War 6. Taiping Rebellion 7. Boxer Rebellion 8. Khedives 9. Qing dynasty 10. Decembrist uprising 11. Crimean War 12. Trans-Siberian railroad 13. Intelligentsia 14. Anarchists 15. Lenin 16. Bolsheviks 17. Russian Revolution of Duma 19. Matthew Perry 20. Meiji restoration 21. Diet 22. Sino-Japanese War 23. Yellow Peril

I. Ottoman Decline A. Background Information 1. Weak rulers resulted in power struggles between government ministers, religious leaders, etc 2. Artisans losing business to Western goods 3. Jews and Christian merchants relied on more contacts with west 4. Ottoman weakness resulted in loss of territory a. Crimean War 1856 b. Wars with Russia for Caucasus & Crimea c. Loss of Balkans to independence movements d. Independence Movements: Greeks, 1830 and Serbia, 1867 Crimean War

B. Reform 1. The British supported the Ottomans against Russia…they feared an Ottoman breakup…didn’t want the Russians to reach the Mediterranean. 2. Initial internal reforms by Selim III ended by Janissary (Remember them?) revolt 1807…he was killed 3. Mahmud II – slaughtered Janissaries a. Reforms on European models b. European military advisors used to modernize Ottoman army Mahmud II

4. Period of Tanzimat Reforms a. Education (universities) based on Western models b. State run postal, telegraph, and rail services c. Establishment of newspapers d. Extensive legal reforms with constitution – improved position of minority religious groups e. Ottoman merchants hurt by reforms as tariffs removed for foreign goods…couldn’t compete with cheap western goods f. Little to no improvement for women Women and Children Workers in an Ottoman Textile Mill, 1878

C. Repression and Revolt 1. Reforms allowed Ottomans to fend off the West and preserve the empire: However… 2. Western ideas caused some Turks (bureaucrats, military officers, professionals) to view Sultan as obstacle to full Westernization…too conservative a. New elites clashed with conservative Ayan (nobles) and Ulama as well…these groups wanted to maintain the old way 3. Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid responded to Westernized officers and elite with return to absolute rule a. He nullified the constitution and suspended civil liberties b. He continued using western military technology as well as railway construction and westernized education Sultan Abdul Hamid

4. The Young Turks a coup overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid b. Officers restored 1876 constitution and other freedoms c. Retained sultan as figurehead & highest religious figure d. Factional fights continued until WWI e. Arab reaction to the Young Turks --Initially Arabs (mainly found in the Fertile Crescent and along the coast of modern day Saudi Arabia) supported Young Turks hoping for independence --Young Turks refused to give up the Ottoman Empire and continued to subjugate the Arabs --These quarrels ended with WWI The Young Turks

II. Arab Islam Heartlands: How to Stop the West A. Failure of Westernization in Egypt 1. Mamluk Turks defeated by Napoleon at Battle of the Pyramids a. Gave the French a short-lived control over Egypt 2. Muhammad Ali a. Took control of Egypt following the French withdrawal b. Westernized the Egyptian army Islamic leaders across the Middle East and North Africa had to decide on how to deal with Europeans moving into their world: return to the past or adopt Western ways. Battle of the Pyramids

c. Ali Allied with the Ayan to control peasants --The landowners grew wealthy from this control d. Economy focused on support of military e. Europe limited progress of Egyptian industry…WHY?? f. Rule by the Khedives (descendants of Ali) to They dropped many of the reforms Ali started g. Agriculturally, cotton became the dominant crop…nearly the entire Egyptian economy depended on it…left the country vulnerable h. This poor economy forced the Khedives to borrow --Eventually, these financiers wanted to control the building of the Suez canal --The building of a canal caused Egypt to become a vital location in the struggle for colonial empires

3. European dominance caused rifts in Muslim community a. Some Muslims believed that Jihad was the answer…drive out the invaders b. Other Muslims believed that they should learn from the Europeans in any way possible 4. Egypt was not colonized but became puppet state under British control…the decisions of this government were often enforced by British troops

III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing A. Manchus drive Chinese south of Great Wall 1. By 1644, they take Beijing and found the Qing dynasty; the weakness of the Ming dynasty helped greatly 2. The Qing retain many of the Ming political policies a. This helped control many of the ethnic Chinese who they ruled B. Economy and Society 1. Ming social system maintained…respect for rank, hierarchy…extended family remained important 2. Manchu rural reforms were aimed to reduce unrest a. Infrastructure maintained; tax & labor burdens lessened 3. Silver influx from trade helped the gov’t & merchants 4. Compradors…wealthy merchants along coast…helped link China to the outside world

C. Qing Dynasty: Beginning of the End 1. Qing decline a. Exam system corrupt…yielded able bureaucrats, but also had rampant corruption and cheating b. Government positions used to gain power and wealth; this practice drained the treasury of needed funds a. Yellow River dikes were not maintained due to lack of funding…the resulting flooding left millions without the necessary resources to live c. Unrest: migrations and outlaws were seen as a sign of dynastic decline

D. The Opium War (1839) & the British 1. The British were forced to import Indian opium to China in exchange for trade goods. Other than silver, it was the only thing of value the Chinese would take in return. 2. The Chinese react by trying to enforce a ban on opium trading…doesn’t work. 3. A government official, Lin Zexu, blockades European trade and confiscates opium…enrages European traders 4. British invade in 1839 and the Chinese are defeated a. Hong Kong to British b. Ports forced to reopen to European trade and residence c. The opium trade continued A Chinese Opium Den

E. Boxer Rebellion (1898 – 1901) 1. Anti-foreign and anti-Christian conflict 2. Eventually crushed by Western powers…significantly weakened the Qing Dynasty F. The Fall of the Qing 1. Resistance goes underground to secret societies…they plot to Westernize their government a. Sun Yat-sen was one of the main leaders , civil service exams ended…was the end of scholar- gentry…Confucian thinking couldn’t solve the problems of a modern China rebellions led to the last Qing emperor being removed in 1912

Russia and Japan Russia moved into an active period of social and political reform in 1861 that established the base for industrialization by the 1890s. Immense social strain resulted as the government attempted to remain autocratic.

IV. Russia’s Attempted Reforms & Industrial Growth A. Leading up to Reform 1. Anti-Westernization backlash following Napoleon's invasion, 1812…moved toward isolation 2. Decembrist revolt, 1825…uprising of army officers wanting western-style reforms…suppressed by Nicholas I…he tightens control over the country 3. Russia avoids revolutions of 1830 and 1848 by having severe political oppression…no one could speak out B. Economy & Society: What to do about the Serfs? 1. Russia didn’t industrialize…extremely agricultural 2. Crimean War ( )…defeated by the industrial might of Britain & France a. Alexander II realized the need to industrialize

C. Reforms and Industrialization – emancipation of serfs…forced to buy lands; received no political rights…productivity remained stagnant because serfs didn’t modernize 2. Alexander II…reforms of 1860s, 1870s a. Set up regional political councils…no national power b. Military reform…officers promoted based on merit c. Some educational reform…large literacy increases 3. Industrialization…state sponsored…still behind that of Western Europe a. Railways – Pacific reached in the 1880s b. Siberia opened to development…Factories, 1880s

II. Protest and Revolution A. The Road to Revolution 1. Ethnic minorities made political demands 2. Peasants suffered from famine, taxes, etc…their protests were worse that the ethnic minorities 3. Intelligentsia wanted political freedom & social reform 4. Anarchists wanted to abolish all government, but they failed to win peasant support and the movement was suppressed , Alexander II assassinated, successors opposed reform 6. New ideas a. Marxism spread among the intelligentsia b. Lenin was a major leader Unrest accompanied transformation by the 1880s and Russia became a very unstable society.

B. The Revolution of Russian expansion continues a. Ottomans pushed back, 1870s b. New Slavic nations, Serbia & Bulgaria, created c. Russia moves into Manchuria…this leads to conflict with the Japanese d. Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, …this loss leads to revolution in 1905…first time a modern Asian country defeated a European power e. In response to massive protests and insurrections, the czar gave a small concession to the masses…a Duma (national parliament) was created --Important agrarian reforms for peasants were instituted…easier to buy and sell land, etc. Eventually, the czar, Nicholas II, withdrew most of the power from the Duma; resumed autocratic rule

C. Russian Foreign Policy: Eastern Europe 1. Other nations formed…freedom from the Ottomans a. Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece b. Most form parliaments (modeled after the West to some extent), and end serfdom…they have some industry, but remain primarily agricultural

III. Japan…Rising to the Challenge of Reform A. The End of the Shogunate 1. The Shogunate combined a bureaucracy & alliances with the daimyos and samurai a. Taxes based on agriculture caused financial weakness…this hurt the power of the shogun b. Eventually, the Japanese economy developed…manufacturing gained ground 2. By the 1850s the economy was slowing as technological limitations hindered agricultural growth and population increase a. Rural riots reflected peasant distress and helped to weaken the shogunate Japan’s response to outside pressure was more direct and successful than that of Russia. The Japanese adapted to the challenge of industrial change and internal market reform. Many institutions had to be altered and much societal change resulted.

B. The West Forces Japan’s Hand 1. Commander Matthew Perry and an American naval fleet forced Japanese ports to open in Shogunate bureaucrats open the doors reluctantly…realized the military superiority of the West a. Other Japanese want to end isolation…they were ready to modernize b. Conservative daimyos were for isolation 3. Unrest leads to civil war a. In 1868, the shogunate was defeated b. A new emperor, Mutsuhito (Meiji or Enlightened One), was put into power

C. Change Comes to Japan 1. Feudalism ended…daimyo class ended (1871)…prefects (district administrators) appointed a. State power is expanded and centralized…allowed change to happen quickly 2. Samurai officials went to the U. S. & Europe…studied economies, politics and technology…promoted change , samurai class abolished…they initially revolted but it was put down quickly…many struggle, but some find new roles in commerce and politics a. Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi 4. Political reorganization a. Constitution (1889)…two houses set up --House of Peers (Nobility) and the Diet, lower house

D. Japan's Industrial Revolution 1. Westernization in other areas a. Military – conscription is instituted, improved officer training, and western-style armaments b. Banks, funded by the government, provided capital c. Railways and steamships improved transportations d. Guilds removed to create a national, not local, market e. Ministry of Industry (1870) – set economic policy

E. Other Effects of Industrialization 1. Population increase – better food and health care 2. Universal primary education…focused on science, technology and political loyalty 3. Western dress and hygiene adopted 4. Conversion to Christianity limited…Shintoism attracts new followers 5. Need for raw materials…Japan has very few itself a. Sino-Japanese War with China over Korea, b. Alliance with Britain, 1902…showed Japan was important c. War with Russia, 1904…for control of east Asia…Japan won easily d. Japanese imperialism: Korea annexed, 1910

Japan’s Spread in East Asia

F. Effects of Modernization 1. Inter-generational debate…the older people want to cling to their traditional ways as opposed to the younger, more western age group 2. Strong nationalism developed…helped the nation avoid revolutionary troubles a. Emperor worship played a major role in this b. Promoted obedience and national loyalty