Do Now What is matter? What are elements? What is the periodic table used for?

Do Now What is a compound? Give an example Name 3 elements found in our body. What are the 3 parts of an atom and where are they located?

Do Now What are carbohydrates used in our bodies for? Name some examples of foods containing carbohydrates. What are lipids used in our bodies for? Name examples of foods that contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.

Objectives To understand why we need protein in our diet. To explain the function of nucleic acids in our bodies. To understand how water provides a medium for chemical reactions in our body.

Chapter Objectives To list the different molecules found in living things. To explain what bonds are used for. To determine the different functions of the 4 macromolecules as well as water in the body. To understand why our bodies undergo chemical reactions. To list and describe the different macromolecules found in our bodies.

“How Cells Function” Chapter 2

Elements and Matter What is matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space Living and non living

All living and non-living things can be broken down into different elements. Elements: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by physical or chemical means. Consists of atoms of only 1 types

Periodic Table Activity Get a red, blue, and green colored pencil Make a key at the bottom of the paper with the 3 colors. For the following elements shade in the chemical symbol RED, the atomic number BLUE, and the atomic mass GREEN Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

Each element has it’s own set of properties. Ex: Oxygen Colorless Odorless gas

Elements in the body List in notebook: Oxygen – 65% Carbon – 18% Hydrogen – 10% Nitrogen – 3 % Calcium – 2 % Phosphorus – 1% 19 others

Can be found as a pure element or as a compound. Compound: atoms of 2 or more elements joined together by chemical bonds. Ex: H 2 O (has both elements hydrogen and oxygen in it)

Atoms Elements are made up of atoms Atom: smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

Atoms are the building blocks of matter Contain 3 parts Protons: positively charged, contain mass Neutrons: no charge, contain mass Electrons: negatively charged, insignificant mass + -

Chemical Reactions Why do we need chemical reactions? Chemical Reactions: bonds between atoms are broken or formed to make different molecules in the body. Broken bonds  release energy Formed bonds  store energy

ACTIVITY Baking soda + Vinegar 2 Chemical Reactions 1. HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3  NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3 2. H2CO3  H2O + CO2 OR Mentos in Soda! = LOTS OF BUBBLES (carbon dioxide) LETS WATCH!

Macromolecules Macro= BIG/LARGE 4 different macromolecules all doing a different job in our body….

1. Carbohydrates Give us energy! Simple sugars made up of C, H, + O

Types of Carbs: Simple: sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose Ex: cookies, candy Complex: starches, glycogen, cellulose (fiber) Ex: potatoes, leafy vegetables

2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) Store energy, insulation, protection Made up of C,H,O Contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Fats are hydroPHOBIC- do not dissolve/mix in water.

Types of Lipids: Saturated: solid fat, BAD FOR YOU, comes from animals Ex: lard, butter, fat on steak or chicken Unsaturated: liquid, better for you, comes from vegetables Ex: vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil

Protein Growth, repair, enzymes, transport Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes sulfur Structure is repeating amino acids Body makes some, we must EAT to get others. Order of amino acids tells the protein what job it has.

Nucleic Acids Holds genetic information in the form of DNA or RNA Made up of C,O,H,N,P Subunits of nucleic acids are called nucleotides

DNA vs. RNA Types: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (the blueprints for our cells) RNA: ribonucleic acid (helps take the blueprints and make protein)

Water Chemical reactions take place in water! 2/3 of every cell is water Known as the “universal solvent” because it dissolves things. Ex: lemonade, kool aid, etc. Made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen = H20 Is polar due to H+ and O- charge

Water makes up 70% of your body mass Cannot dissolve lipids (fats), our membranes are made up of lipids