1. Macromolecules
Chapter 6.4
Pages
EQ: How is chemistry related to the growth and survival of living organisms?

2. 6.4: The Building Blocks of Life
The elements of life:
Organisms are made up of cells. Cells contain molecules made up of the following elements:
CHNOPS
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
These elements come from the foods we eat.

3. Matter Cannot be Created nor Destroyed!
It gets recycled!!!!

4. How does Carbon get into our cells?

5. How does Hydrogen get into our cells?

6. How does Nitrogen get into our cells?

7. How does Oxygen get into our cells?
The Water Cycle Again!

8. How does Phosphorus get into our cells?

9. How does Sulfur get into our cells?

10. Carbon: All life on Earth is made of carbon-containing molecules.
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
Examples:
Glucose (C6H1206)
& Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
The chemistry of all living things is based on the key element: CARBON

11. Organic Chemistry:
Because of the many important and unique properties of carbon-based molecules, there is a special branch of chemistry devoted just to the study of these molecules.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon.
The carbon compounds we are studying are called Macromolecules.

12. There are 4 major categories of macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
CHO
Lipids
Proteins
CHONPS
Nucleic Acids
CHNOP

13. Macromolecules -
Are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Monomer – a single molecule that can bind
to several others just like it to form a polymer.
Polymer – many monomers linked together
by covalent bonds.

14. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together
Hydrolysis: Process that breaks Polymers into MONOMERS
*Water is USED*
Honors only?
Dehydration Synthesis: Process that combines MONOMERS into
POLYMERS
*Water is RELEASED*

15. LETs REVIEW

16. 1.Carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
Functions as energy source for organisms or as structural parts of cells
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches
Found in breads, pastas, candy
CHO’s:
monosaccharide = glucose
disaccharides = sucrose (table sugar)
lactose (milk sugar)
polysaccharide – glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.
When the body needs energy and no glucose is available, the body will break glycogen down into glucose.
Plants – cellulose is a carbohydrate which provides structural support for the plant’s cell walls.

17. 1.Carbohydrates:
The monomer that is joined together to form carbohydrates is a simple sugar, called a monosaccharide.
Examples of monomers: Glucose, Sucrose
The polymer is a polysaccharide (means the same thing as carbohydrate)
CHO’s:
monosaccharide = glucose
disaccharides = sucrose (table sugar)
lactose (milk sugar)
polysaccharide – glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.
When the body needs energy and no glucose is available, the body will break glycogen down into glucose.
Plants – cellulose is a carbohydrate which provides structural support for the plant’s cell walls.

18. 2. Lipids Are made up of carbons and hydrogens (mostly).
Function as long-term energy storage (fat cells) and provides barriers (plasma membrane)
The monomers of lipids
are called fatty acids (and
Glycerol)
The polymer is lipid
Polyunsaturated fats are fats with more than one double bond in the tail.

19. 2.Lipids Examples of lipids are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.
Two types of lipids
Saturated – if only single bonds between carbon atoms
Solid at room temp. (example – butter)
Unsaturated – if one or more double bonds between C atoms
Liquid at room temp. (example - olive oil)
Polyunsaturated fats are fats with more than one double bond in the tail.

20. Phospholipids Make up the Plasma Membrane:
Lipids are nonpolar molecules which makes them great to use as barriers.

21. End Part 1!

22. 3.Proteins Made of monomers called amino acids.
Amino acids are small compounds made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur.
Peptide bonds join the amino acids together
The polymer is protein, but is sometimes called a polypeptide
All amino acids share the same general structure:
Central carbon atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Variable side chain – there are 20 different ones
Several covalent bonds called peptide bonds join aa’s together to form protein chains.

23. Proteins (cont.) Muscle, skin, hair are made up of proteins
Cells contain 10,000 different proteins!
Functions of proteins
control reaction rates
form bone and muscle
transport materials
fight disease
Examples of proteins include meat, muscle, bone, and enzymes

24. Proteins (cont.)
Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape
The structure also determines the function of the protein.
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function

25. Nucleic Acids:
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. Two types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
The monomers are called nucleotides which are composed of
Sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base

26. Nucleic Acids:

27. Nucleic Acids Examples:
DNA stores
genetic information
RNA builds proteins
DNA
RNA
DNA is double-stranded, and RNA is single-stranded

28. What have you learned?
The four classes of macromolecules important to life are _______, _______, _______, and ________.
What molecules are the monomers for carbohydrates?
What molecules are the monomers for proteins?
Proteins are used for __________ or as ___________.
What molecules are the monomers for Lipids?
Name 2 other roles can lipids play in living things besides acting as energy storage molecules.
What is the main function of nucleic acids in living things?
Name the two types of nucleic acids.
What molecules are the monomers for nucleic acids?
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

29. Warm-up 1. What is the monomer of proteins?
2. What is the name of the bond that binds amino acids?
3. What is the other name for proteins (other polymer name)?
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

30. “Macromolcule”
______ are important to living things two of there functions are_________and _________.
Macromolocules are made up of ____________ which are small single units of an organic compound. When they are joined together they form _____________.
_______ monomer is called_________.
Two examples of a ___________ are ______ and ____