1. They make up all living organisms!
Macromolecules
They make up all living organisms!

2. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are SUGARS!
Function as energy for our cells so that we can think, move, and live!
The elements that make up all carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen or CHO
These elements are usually in a 1C:2H:1O ratio
Anything that ends in –ose is a carbohydrate!

3. Carbohydrates
The monomers or building blocks of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides
Remember “saccharides = sack of sugar”
Monosaccharaides are a single sugar molecule and are the simple sugars
Glucose, fructose, & galactose are examples of monosaccharides that are found mainly in fruits and vegetables

4. Carbohydrates
Disaccharides are 2 simple sugars (or monosaccharides) bonded together
Sucrose is glucose + fructose
Do you remember the name of the reaction that joins two monomers together?
Polysaccharides are 3 or more simple sugars joined together and are complex sugars, like bread or potatoes

5. Carbohydrates

6. Carbohydrates
Starch is a complex carbohydrate with hundreds of glucose molecules linked together and is the main energy storage in plants
Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate with hundreds of glucose molecules linked in a way that branches and is the main way to store energy in animals
We store glycogen in our liver

7. Carbohydrates Cellulose is a polysaccharide that humans cannot digest
It is found in plants and gives structure to the plant, holding it up against the force of gravity
Why do we still eat plants?
Chitin is a polysaccharide that forms the hard shells on insects and other invertebrates

8. Carbohydrates

9. Thinking Question
Before heading to the library for a long study session, students would be wise to consume oatmeal rather than fresh fruit. Why?

10. Proteins Proteins are the body building macromolecule!
They make up skin, nails, feathers, horns, hair, bones, muscles, etc.
Proteins provide structure, help with transporting substances like oxygen on the hemoglobin protein, and work as enzymes that speed up chemical reaction in our body
Almost all proteins are made from all the elements of life: CHNOPS

11. Proteins The building blocks (monomers) of proteins are amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids and when combined to make a protein, they are like beads on a string
Essential amino acids are ones that our body cannot make, so we must get them from our diets

12. Proteins

13. Thinking Question
Food labels indicate how many grams of protein are contained in a food item. Why is this information only partially helpful for effectively guiding your protein intake?

14. Lipids (fats)
Like carbs, lipids are made from CHO, but in different proportions
Mostly made of CH with only a little O
Lipids function in energy storage and insulation
The C-H bonds in lipids give off a lot of energy when broken
The C-H bonds also make lipids non-polar
What does this mean again?

15. Lipids
The monomers of lipids are fatty acids, which are long tails of C and H
The fatty acids tails are attached to a glycerol head, which holds multiple fatty acids together
Triglycerides are 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

16. Lipids Saturated fats Unsaturated fats
Each carbon in the fatty acid chain has 2 H atoms and the carbons are single-bonded to each other
Packs tightly & can clog arteries
Due to tight packing, it’s solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
At least 1 carbon in the fatty acid chain is bound to just 1 hydrogen and is double bonded to another carbon
This makes the fatty acid kinked, so it can’t pack well
Liquid at room temperature

17. Lipids

18. Lipids
Also make up cell membranes and function as a barrier to only allow certain things in and out of the cell
These lipids are called phospholipids because they have a phosphate head

19. Nucleic Acids Are made up of the elements CHNOP
Function in transmitting genetic information
This is what we inherit from our parents!
Made up of building blocks of nucleotides
Nucleotides have 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

20. Nucleic Acids

21. Nucleic Acids

22. Nucleic Acids Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid
Both RNA and DNA are important in holding the genetic information to build an organism

23. Nucleic Acids