1. Major Organic Compounds

2. Atoms Elements Molecule Compound Cell
smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties
Atoms
a substance made up of only one type of atom (periodic table of elements)
Elements
bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements; smallest unit of a compound
Molecule
chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
Compound
ATOM - smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties
ELEMENTS - a substance made up of only one type of atom (periodic table of elements)
MOLECULE - bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements; smallest unit of a compound
COMPOUND - chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
CELL - collection of compounds forming a living Unit; smallest unit of an organism that can be considered living
collection of compounds forming a living unit; smallest unit of an organism that can be considered living
Cell

3. Molecular Organization
molecular levels of organization from smallest to cell
atom
element
Can a substance be both an element and a molecule?
molecule
MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION
molecular levels of organization from smallest to cell
Can a substance be both an element and a molecule?
yes, hydrogen is an element and two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of free hydrogen in the air
Can a substance be both a molecule and a compound?
yes, water is a compound of the elements hydrogen and oxygen in a definite proportion of 2 H to 1 O, and it can also be a single molecule of water H2O
What is O2? O3?
O2 is the element oxygen and also a molecule of free oxygen in the air
O3 is a molecule of ozone and the compound ozone
Can a substance be both a molecule and a compound?
CO2
NaCl
compounds
C6H12O6
What is O2? O3?
cell

4. 6 Essential Elements C H N O P S Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur C H N O P S

5. Carbon is an element. What is carbon?
commonly found as graphite, diamonds C
carbon = 50% of our dry weight  the term “carbon-based” life form

6. C 6 - - S - + + + + + + - carbon - - 12.011 How many protons? 6
atomic number =
How many neutrons? 6
atomic mass
How many energy levels? 2
How many electrons? 6

7. C atomic number (6 protons) is constant
number of neutrons may vary (6, 7, 8)
 atomic mass varies
Different atomic masses of the same element are called isotopes.
Isotopes of carbon: C S
carbon
carbon C 12 6
carbon C 13
carbon C 14

8. used to position carbon1 1 2 2 6 3 4 5 6
What properties are
used to position carbon
on the periodic table?
# of protons = atomic number + + + + + +
# of energy levels

9. Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
Inorganic Molecules
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)
ORGANIC MOLECULES
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
INORGANIC MOLECULES
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

10. Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules
CO2
water
lipid
protein
most important inorganic compound in living things
nucleic acid
most cellular processes take place in water solutions
ORGANIC MOLECULES
lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein
INORGANIC MOLECULES
CO2
water:
most important inorganic compound in living things
most cellular processes take place in water solution
excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)
carbohydrate
excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)

11. Carbohydrates
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are made by plants (autotrophs)
are the body’s primary source of energy
are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are made by plants
are the body’s primary source of energy
come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers
come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers

12. Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6
H12 O6
Note the ring shape of the molecule.
MONOSACCHARIDES
(simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a monosaccharide.
C6H12O6 (draws a glucose molecule)
Other examples of monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar).
Note the ring shape of the molecule. H
CH2OH O OH C

13. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. O
CH2OH H OH C
POLYSACCHARIDES
are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.
(draws a 3-ring polysaccharide molecule)
Sucrose is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

14. Carbohydrates Review What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, starch, cellulose
glucose, starch, cellulose

15. Lipids chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O
glycerol
chemically diverse organic compounds
contain C, H, O
classified as saturated or unsaturated
function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage
also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)
LIPDS
chemically diverse organic compounds
contain C, H, O
function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage
water insoluble
classified as saturated or unsaturated
examples: fats, oils, waxes
also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)
water insoluble
examples: fats, oils, waxes

16. Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
Lipids
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
made up of
glycerol
and
fatty acids C H O C H O C H O
LIPIDS
made up of
glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule)
and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule)
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

17. Lipids Review What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
LIPIDS REVIEW
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
body fat, oils, waxes
body fat, oils, waxes

18. Proteins
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly
3D protein structure
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
PROTEINS
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
contain C, O, H, N and usually S
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

19. and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids
Proteins
are made up of
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids C H R H N O OH C C H N O OH C OH H N O
PROTEINS
are made up of
an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure)
a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure)
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure)
(shows an alanine molecular structure)
(shows a serine molecular structure)
Alanine
Serine

20. Protein Review What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
Name examples of proteins.
PROTEIN REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Name examples of proteins.
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

21. Nucleic Acids very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P
nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
very large linear molecules
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
contain C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base
NUCLEIC ACIDS
very large linear molecules
made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
examples: DNA and RNA
examples: DNA and RNA
DNA molecule

22. Nucleic Acid Review What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
NUCLEIC ACID REVIEW
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store genetic information, help to make proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA
store genetic information, help to make proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA