Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase 1

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Explain Rome's development from small city-state with a king to a republic.  Explain the constitution of the Roman republic and its expansion into a preeminent power in the Mediterranean.  Describe the transformation of Rome from a republic to an empire, from the Gracchi brothers to Augustus.  Assess the impact of the continuing expansion and integration of the empire on the lands around the Mediterranean. 2

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Explain the expansion of trade and urbanization in the Roman Mediterranean and their impact upon society.  Explain the significant features of family and social values in Roman times.  Understand the influence of Greek philosophy and religions of salvation upon the Roman world.  Outline the experiences of Judaism and early Christianity in the Roman empire. 3

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Geographic features of Ancient Rome  Large “boot shaped” peninsula  Swiss Alps located in the north; the rest  plains and rolling hills  Located in the middle of Mediterranean  Rome built inland on the Tiber River  Mild climate 4

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Effects of geographic location  Ideal for trade because of location  Ideal for conquest in Mediterranean  Safe from invaders along the Tiber River 5

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Developed strong central government  Mountains in north provided some protection  Fertile plains supported growing population 6

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Legend of Romulus and Remus  Rome founded 753 BCE  Indo-European migrants c BCE  Bronze c BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE 7

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Originally from Anatolia  Colonized Roman regions  Society declines late 6 th c. BCE  Greek maritime attacks  Celtic invasions from north 8

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Monarchy through 7 th -6 th c. BCE  Streets, temples, public buildings  Major center of trade routes 9

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Roman social classes were broken up into three parts  PATRICIANS: Wealthy landowners  PLEBEIANS: Farmers, workers, merchants, artisans, traders  SLAVES: Typically foreign (Greek); acquired for labor

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11  Political power originally in hands of patricians  PLEBEIANS: Had to rebel to force patricians to give them power

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  509 BCE: Romans overthrow last Etruscan king  Roman Forum built  the center of Roman public life  Republican constitution  Executive: 2 Consuls  Senate 12

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Patricians (aristocrats)  Plebeians (commoners)  Major class conflict emerged in 5 th c. BCE  Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation  eventually expanded from 2 to 10  Rights expanded through 3 rd c. BCE  Yet 6-month appointments of dictators during civil or military crisis  republic? 13

CharacteristicDescription of Roman Republic Executive  Two CONSULS: elected by the Assembly  Served 1-year term  Chief executive  Commander of army  Made laws  Collected taxes Legislative  SENATE: 300 members  Ruled for life  Advised consuls  Controlled foreign and financial policies Judicial  PRAETORS: Judges  Eight judges served  1-year term  Two judges oversaw criminal and civil courts  Six judges governed Roman provinces

CharacteristicDescription of Roman Republic Code of Laws  Twelve Tables  Basis for Roman law Citizenship  Adult male landowners  Voting rights Patricians  Upper class landowners  Controlled government  Senators and consuls Plebeians  Lower class  Farmers, merchants, workers  No political rights  Paid taxes, served in the Legions  Assembly of Tribes

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. TWELVE TABLES (written law) CONSULS (2 chief officials)SENATE (300 members) ASSEMBLY (Plebeians) TRIBUNES (representatives)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

 Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek city-states in south  By 265 BCE, Rome controls Italian peninsula 18

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19  Took over iron industry between 5 th - 4 th c. BCE  Expansion via military threat and incentives  Forged alliances  Tax exemptions granted  Trade privileges extended  Citizenship offered to conquered

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  BCE: Conflict with Carthage  Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply  Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires  Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2 nd C. BCE 20

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Land distribution  Perennial problem  Development of large latifundia (plantations) by wealthy  Unfair competition for smaller landholders 21

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus: Chief proponents of social reform in Roman Republic  Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats (especially conquered land) 23

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24  Assassinated in 130s-120s BCE by “enemies” (wealthy and radical elements)  Led to development of private armies made up of landless peasants  Also showed Roman republican constitution not suitable for a growing empire

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Elimination of Gracchi brothers led to century of politicians and military leaders jockeying for control of Rome  Military commanders recruited armies to support their cause  Gaius Marius (with reformers)  Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with conservative aristocrats) 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26  Civil war erupts during first century BCE  87 BCE: Gaius Marius takes Rome  83 BCE: Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out  Reign of terror follows under Sulla for five years  Marius well remembered for making soldiers loyal to general first and not Rome

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Nephew of Gaius Marius  Escaped Sulla’s terror  Relatively young  Well-timed trip abroad to Greece  60 BCE: Helps lead a triumvirate (group of three rulers) 27

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Rose to popularity due to military prowess and public speaking  Public spectacles, victories in Gaul over Pompey  49 BCE: Attacked Rome  46 BCE: Names self “Dictator for Life”, ratified by Senate  violated terms of Roman republican constitution 28

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Centralized military, governance under personal control  turned to dictatorship  Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies  Major building projects reduce urban unemployment  Extended citizenship to provinces  Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE (March 15  “The Ides of March”) 29

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Civil conflict follows death of Caesar  Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony & Cleopatra  27 BCE: Takes title Augustus 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Monarchy disguised as a republic  Increasing centralization of political, military power  Stabilized empire  Death in 14 CE 31

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas  Gaul (France), Germany, Britain, Spain  Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources  Developed infrastructure, cities emerge 32

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Pax Romana  27 BCE-250 CE: Pax Romana  Period of great economic and cultural expansion  Facilitated trade, communication  Roadwork  Curbs, drainage, milestones  Postal service established 34

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE  Adapted to diverse populations under Roman Rule  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court 35

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Latifundia: Focused on agricultural production for export  Regional specialization increases  Integration of empire-wide economy  Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum (“our sea”)  a “Roman lake” 36

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce  Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts  Technology: concrete 37

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Imported goods  Underground sewage  Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators  Colosseum  Gladiatorial Games 38

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Pater Familias: “father of the family”  patriarchal in nature  Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery  Women not allowed to inherit property, but found ways to sidestep law  Rarely enforced  Women could also run businesses in later times  Education stressed among lower and upper classes 39

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Newly rich challenge aristocracy  Yet poor class increasing in size  Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”  Panem at circenses (Juvenal)  Satisfy poor by giving them money and entertainment 40

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  2 nd c. CE: Slaves estimated to be 1/3 of Empire population  Customary manumission (freeing of slave) at age 30  Agricultural work, quarries, mines  Chain labor  73 BCE: Revolt under Spartacus 41

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Polytheistic  Major gods  Tutelary deities  Absorption of gods from other cultures  especially Greeks 42

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Marcus Tullius Cicero ( BCE)  Major orator, writer  Influenced by Greek thought  Proponent of Stoicism 43

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light  Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline  Women not admitted into cult  Appealed to military  Cult of Isis also popular 44

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures  Refusal to recognize state gods  Repeated Jewish rebellions  CE: Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars 45

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Messianic Jewish cult  Baptism  Ascetic lifestyle  Dead Sea Scrolls 47

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Jewish teacher  Moral code  Reputation for miracle-working  Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus 48

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature  Title Christ: “Anointed One”  Teachings recorded in New Testament 49

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Apostle of Jesus who extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles  Intensive travel, missionary activity 50

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Local leaders: Bishops  Regional variation in doctrine and ritual  Nature of resurrection  Role of women  Gradual acceptance of core texts 51

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Roman persecution  Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes ▪ Urban poor ▪ Women 52

Punic Wars ( B.C. )  Three Wars between Rome and Carthage  1 st Punic War- Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea. The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

Punic Wars ( B.C. )  2 nd Punic War- Carthaginian General Hannibal’s “surprise” attack through Spain & France  60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants  Romans experience severe losses, but eventually ward off attacks & invade North Africa The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy.

Punic Wars ( B.C. )  3 rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage  Scipio- Roman Strategist  Conquered people sold into slavery The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government, or its army? Why? How does Rome’s rise to power relate to modern efforts to gain power and authority?

Review  After the Punic wars, soldiers lose their land, move to the cities and become poor.  Rulers try to make the masses happy, but rich folks (Senate) resist.  Violence becomes a tool for power.  Marius makes soldiers loyal to a general, not to Rome.  Roman generals, popular with people and soldiers, can control the Senate.  The Republic will soon end…

Julius Caesar brings order to Rome  60 B.C. Caesar, Crassus and Pompey, create a triumvirate (group of three rulers)  Caesar was a strong leader with good military strategy, conquered Gaul and Pompey’s forces  Senate appointed him dictator for life  Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C

The Second Triumvirate  Octavian, Mark Anthony and Lepidus take control of Rome and rule for 10 years  The triumvirate ends in jealousy and violence  Octavian accepts title of Augustus “Exalted One”  Rome becomes an empire ruled by one man  Augustus’ rule began the PAX ROMANA – a period of peace  Started the idea of census or population count

PAX ROMANA a. Peace and prosperity b. Rome grew to 3 million square miles c. Economy based on trade and agriculture d. “All roads lead to Rome” Augustus’ government was sound 1. Tax collection 2. Controlled grain supply 3. Civil service 4. Monarchy disguised as republic