1. Chap 11 Day 2 – Mediterranean Phase (Rome) Do Now: PAIR/SHARE 1. How did Julius Caesar attain power?

2. Caesar’s Policies (PERSIAN?) Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 B.C.E.

3. Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra Takes title of Augustus, 27 B.C.E.

4. Augustus’ Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 C.E. Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas – Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

5. The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E. Observations? What do you notice?

6. Pax Romana: Roman Peace 27-250 C.E. Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork – Curbs – Drainage – Flat paving stones – Milestones – Postal service Roman Law Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E. Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule – Innocent until proven guilty – Right to challenge accusers in court

7. Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of empire-wide economy “Sailing itinerary of the Red Sea” City of Rome Cash flow – Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects – Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete

8. Roman Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus – 250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial games

9. Summary PAIR/SHARE How did Rome change when it went from a Republic to an Empire? (PERSIAN?)