1. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

2. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Establishment of Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Etruscans Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6 th c. BCE  Greek maritime attacks  Celtic invasions from north

5. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Influence of the Etruscans  Writing  Religion  The Arch

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 The Kingdom of Rome Monarchy through 7 th -6 th c. BCE  Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Establishment of the Republic 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: 2 consuls Senate

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5 th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through 3 rd c. BCE Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times crises

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Cincinnatus-Model Dictator

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Expansion of the Republic Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry 5 th -4 th c. BCE Expansion via military threat and incentives  Tax exemptions  Trade privileges  Citizenship

11. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Hannibal’s Route

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2 nd C. BCE

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution  Perennial problem  Development of large plantations - latifundia  Unfair competition for smaller landholders

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Expansion of the Roman republic to 133 BCE

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Development of private armies made up of landless peasants  Gaius Marius (with reformers)  Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Civil War 87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83 BCE Reign of terror follows

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror  Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises in popularity  Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Augustus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Augustus’ Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 CE

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas  Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The Roman Empire, about 117 CE Page 308 Bentley 4e

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” 27-250 CE Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork  Curbs  Drainage  Flat paving stones  Milestones  Postal service

24. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Roman Aqueducts

25. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Roman Roads: The Appian Way

26. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 The Roman Forum

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Roman Law Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Adapted to diverse populations under Roman Rule  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court

28. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

29. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 The City of Rome Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete

30. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Roman Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial Games

31. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Roman Latrine

32. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Circus Maximus

33. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Circus Maximus

34. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 The Roman Colosseum

35. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 The Colosseum Interior

36. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Family and Society Pater Familias: “father of the family”  Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property  Rarely enforced

37. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Wealth and Social Change Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”

38. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Slavery 2 nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population  Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

39. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods Absorption of gods from other cultures

40. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 Cicero and Stoicism Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism

41. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 Mithraism From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular

42. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

43. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 43 Synagogue at Capernaum

44. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 44 The Essenes Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls

45. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 45 Jesus of Nazareth Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Sermon on the Mount “Kingdom of God is at hand” Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus

46. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 46 Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament

47. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 47 St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

48. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 48 Paul of Tarsus Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Traveled widely throughout the Roman Empire Missionary activity

49. Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 49 The Rise of Christianity

50. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 50 Early Christian Communities Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual  Nature of resurrection  Role of women Gradual acceptance of core texts

51. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 51 Council of Nicaea 325 CE

52. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 52 I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made. Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end. And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets. And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

53. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 53 Growth of Early Christianity Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women

54. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 54