1. Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
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Establishment of Rome
Legend of Romulus and Remus
Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E.
Indo-European migrants ca B.C.E.
Bronze ca B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E.
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The Etruscans
Originally from Anatolia
Colonized Po River valley to Naples region
Society declines late sixth century B.C.E.
Greek maritime attacks
Celtic invasions from north
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The Kingdom of Rome
Monarchy through seventh to sixth century B.C.E.
Streets, temples, public buildings
Major center of trade routes
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5. Establishment of the Republic
509 B.C.E., Romans overthrow last Etruscan king
Roman forum built
Republican constitution
Executive: two consuls
Senate
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Social Conflict
Patricians (aristocrats)
Plebeians (commoners)
Major class conflict, fifth century B.C.E.
Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation
Rights expanded through third century B.C.E.
Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis
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7. Expansion of the Republic
Dominated Etruscans
Took over iron industry fifth to fourth century B.C.E.
Expansion via military threat and incentives
Tax exemptions
Trade privileges
Citizenship
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The Punic Wars
Conflict with Carthage, B.C.E.
Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply
Later conflict with declining Hellenistic empires
Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of second century B.C.E.
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9. Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems
Land distribution
Perennial problem
Development of large plantations, latifundia
Unfair competition for smaller landholders
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10. Expansion of the Roman Republic to 146 B.C.E.
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The Gracchi Brothers
Tiberius and Gaius
Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats
Tiberius assassinated; Gaius executed
Development of private armies made up of landless peasants
Gaius Marius (with reformers)
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)
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Civil War
87 B.C.E., Gaius Marius takes Rome
Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out, 83 B.C.E.
Reign of terror follows
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Julius Caesar
Nephew of Marius
Escapes Sulla’s terror
Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad
Rises in popularity
Public spectacles, victories in Gaul
Attacks Rome 49 B.C.E.
Names self dictator for life in 46 B.C.E.
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Caesar’s Policies
Centralized military, governance under personal control
Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies
Major building projects reduce urban unemployment
Extended citizenship to provinces
Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 B.C.E.
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Augustus
Civil conflict follows death of Caesar
Power belongs to Octavian
Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra
Takes title of Augustus, 27 B.C.E.
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16. Augustus’s Administration
Monarchy disguised as a republic
Increasing centralization of political, military power
Stabilized empire
Death in 14 C.E.
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17. Expansion and Integration of Empire
Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas
Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain
Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources
Developed infrastructure, cities emerge
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The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E.
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19. Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”
Facilitated trade, communication
Roadwork
Curbs
Drainage
Flat paving stones
Milestones
Postal service
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Roman Law
Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E.
Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule
Innocent until proven guilty
Right to challenge accusers in court
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21. Commercial Agriculture and Trade
Latifundia: production for export
Regional specialization increases
Integration of empire-wide economy
“Sailing itinerary of the Red Sea”
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The City of Rome
Cash flow
Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce
Massive construction projects
Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts
Technology: concrete
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Roman Attractions
Imported goods
Underground sewage
Circus Maximus
250,000 spectators
Colosseum
Gladiatorial games
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Family and Society
Paterfamilias: “father of the family”
Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery
Women not allowed to inherit property
Enforcement inconsistent
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25. Wealth and Social Change
Newly rich challenge aristocracy
Yet poor class increasing in size
Distraction: “bread and circuses”
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Slavery
Second century C.E.: estimated at one-third of empire’s population
Customary manumission at age 30
Agricultural work, quarries, mines
Chain labor
Revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C.E.
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Roman Deities
Polytheistic
Major gods
Tutelary deities
Absorption of gods from other cultures
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Cicero and Stoicism
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( B.C.E.)
Major orator, writer
Influenced by Greek thought
Proponent of Stoicism
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Mithraism
From Zoroastrian myth: god of sun, light
Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline
Women not admitted into cult
Appealed to military
Cult of Isis also popular
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Judaism in Early Rome
Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures
Refusal to recognize state gods
Repeated Jewish rebellions
Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish War (66-70 C.E.)
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31. Synagogue at Capernaum
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The Essenes
Messianic Jewish cult
Baptism
Ascetic lifestyle
Dead Sea scrolls
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Jesus of Nazareth
Jewish teacher
Moral code, reputation for miracle-working
Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus
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34. Jesus’ Early Followers
Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature
Title Christ: “anointed one”
Teachings recorded in New Testament
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Paul of Tarsus
Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles
Traveled widely throughout the Roman empire
Missionary activity
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36. Early Christian Communities
Local leaders: bishops
Regional variation in doctrine and ritual
Nature of resurrection
Role of women
Gradual acceptance of core texts
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37. Growth of Early Christianity
Roman persecution
Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity
Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes
Urban poor
Women
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