Chapter III: India and China

Geography: India Where is India located? Southern edge of Asian continent To east = East Asia and South East Asia (China, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.) To west = Central Asia ({Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Arabia, etc.) To north = China, Nepal To south = Indian Ocean

b. What is India's land like b. What is India's land like? Separate subcontinent riding on a tectonic plate Riding northeast Colliding with Asian continent Collision zone wrinkling up into Himalayan mountains, still growing Northern border = high mountains, even the passes are high North = wide river plains Rivers fed by snow melt South = hilly Rivers fed by unpredictable rainfall Two major rivers = Indus (1800 miles long), so important it is source of name of country Ganges (1560 miles long), holy

What is India's climate like . What is India's climate like? Summer = monsoon season Almost all rain falls in summer 4 months of rain Winter = dry winds from central Asia Monsoons sometimes late or fail

d. What was the impact of India's geography on its development d. What was the impact of India's geography on its development? Mountains kept invaders out cut off from other Asian cultures Northern rivers' predictable flooding allowed boat travel Southern river's irregular flow prevents boat travel North more united because of easier travel Large, ancient empires were in the north Flooding still a problem in north Deforestation making it worse Monsoons= a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia/ farmers depend on these to grow crops Indian subcontinent To the north, the highest mountains in the world…the Himalaya Just to the south…Ganges River

Geography: China Where is China located? Eastern edge of Asia West coast of North Pacific Ocean b. What is the land of China like? A little larger than mainland USA Isolated by deserts, mountains, and oceans from rest of world

To north = Gobi desert = grazing, too dry for farming To northwest = Taklamakan = "go in and you will not come out" Locally known and "moving sands" just like an ocean flood, not stopping it if it overruns oasis Waterless, no food, searing heat To south = mountains Few routes through, altitude sickness, blizzards, snowbound passes, not fodder for animals Southwest = high plateau (Tibet)

13,000'-26, 000' elevation Rimmed by mountains Many long and wide rivers Yangtze = 3rd longest (after Nile and Amazon) Rivers run west to east, not to other countries Canals dug for north to south transportation (1,000 mile grand canal hand dug) (dug between 500 BCE to 1300 AD)

Geography made China governing difficult also made movement of ideas and goods difficult lots of coal beds, coal their main energy source, lots of air pollution [half of all their mammal types are rodents (rabbits, mice, rats, squirrels, hares)]

What is the climate of China like What is the climate of China like? Warmer than USA Summers = hot and humid in south Winter = cold but little snow because of dry winters North = hard to grow food - too cold and dry Central = Yangtze valley = low plains, milder climate

South = produces 3/4 of country's food Rice, wheat, corn, beans, vegetables In the settlement of the western hemisphere, what were geographic barriers? With today's technology, how significant are geographic barriers? What are today's barriers preventing the free flow of goods, people, and ideas? One of the greatest food-producing areas of the ancient world…developed in the Huqang He (Yellow River),and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze ) River Huang He flows from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean, 2,900 miles long Only 10% of China can be used for agriculture

First Civilizations: India Harappa/ Mohenjo Daro= India’s first civilization 3000-1500 BC 35,000 people and planned meticulously Grid of streets were divided into neighborhoods Bathrooms and drainage systems Aryans= Indo-European nomadic peoples who created a new Indian society Sanskrit= Aryan’s first writing system Aryans excelled at war Aryan leaders known as rajas(princes)dominated India

First Civilizations: China Who were the rulers of Ancient China? Periods of time divided into dynasties ruled by one family and sons 600 BCE Cho /Joo/ Dynasty invented bureaucracy - took land from nobility gave land to people chosen to govern 535 BCE Zeng Dynasty earliest written laws in China

226 BCE = Qin /chin/ Dynasty (origin of name for China) ruler = Shi Huangdi unification of China = one of China's most important historical events 206 BCE = Han Dynasty Ruled by Confucian beliefs

What made the Qin Dynasty notable What made the Qin Dynasty notable? appointed government officials to run counties with single federal bureaucracy ruled by legalism, (written laws and bureaucracy) (obey - reward, disobey - punishment, people obeyed out of fear, not respect) (felt government based on virtue and respect wouldn't work, not Confucius's way) forced nobles to move to capital to break peasant loyalty expanded empire built road system for communications and control standardized - coins, weights, writing, axle width, controlled text books, burned Confucianism books built a great wall (not The Great Wall) protection from Northern tribes (30' high, 1500 miles long) built in 7 years, 500,000 died in construction (current wall build 1300 AD in Ming dynasty, 3,700 miles long) remembered as cruel and uncaring leader, (killed challengers and their families) dies - tomb with thousands of terra cotta warriors favored son too politically weak to hold country together

What made the Han Dynasty notable What made the Han Dynasty notable? 206 BCE - 220 AD Rule by Confucius beliefs - rulers deserved respect (became official teaching) restored nobles doms with appointed overseers set up civil service system - government jobs earned by tests Supported Daoism = key to long life and happiness is accepting life as it is Expanded the empire Traded with other lands Establishment of Silk Road Peace Lowered taxes, Improvements in writing Paper developed (first dictionary, first recording of history) Seismograph - 132 AD (told strength and direction of EQ)

Historians of China have traditionally dated the beginning of Chinese civilization to the founding of the Xia dynasty, about which is little known Shang dynasty( 1750-1122 BC)aristocratic-run farming society Strong central government The Chinese believed that supernatural forces could help with worldly life…To get this help, priests read oracle bones Most of the Shang were peasants

Zhou dynasty The Zhou leader revolted against the Shang king and established the Zhou dynasty (1045-256 BC…China’s longest dynasty) The king was believed to connect Heaven and Earth Han period= age of prosperity, however, free peasants began to suffer. Land taxes on the land-owning farmers were fairly light, but there were other demands on them, including military service and labor for up to one month per year Chinese population tripled under the Han dynasty Emerged 202BC and was founded by Liu Bang Free peasants suffered during the Han period…Military service and a month’s forced labor each year were required Technology progressed under the Han…advances in textile making, water mills and iron casting Paper was developed during the Han period

Accomplishments and Contributions: India Ancient Indians possessed an impressive amount of scientific knowledge In astronomy, they charted the movements of heavenly bodies and recognized that Earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun In mathematics, they were the first scientists known to have used algebra Introduced the concept of zero and used the symbol (0) for it

Accomplishments and Contributions: China The development of the fore-and –aft rigging and rudders on ships led to major expansion of trade in the Han period One of the technological advances of the Han dynasty was the invention of water mills for grinding grain

Silk Road A trade route between the Roman Empire and China that ran through India’s Kushan kingdom In the first century AD, nomadic warriors established the Kushan kingdom in what is now Afghanistan… The Kushans prospered by trade

What was the significance of the Silk Road What was the significance of the Silk Road? From Xian to Mediterranean 5,000 miles long (twice the distance between San Francisco and New York City) not just goods traveled ideas and technology moved in both directions to change the world

What traveled on the Silk Road What traveled on the Silk Road? goods had to be high value to weight from China - silk, spices (cinnamon), bronze weapons, gems, furs, animals, China is source of: peach, apricot, ginger, tea, and many citrus To China - jade, preserved exotic food, animals, ivory, coral, incense, glass, horses, perfumes Against the law to smuggle silk works west (sericulture), silk stays a state secret until 500 AD (Romans thought it grew on trees - tree wool)

ideas = politics, popular styles, artwork, military tactics, technology from China = printing, gunpowder, From West = Buddhism from India through Central Asia, into China and Japan

What were the concerns of Silk Road travelers What were the concerns of Silk Road travelers? Caravan leader's concerns = weather, terrain, animals, animal attendants, care of customers, care of customer's goods, good, water, fresh animals, medicine, bandits, guards Merchant's focus = prices, supplies of good, can he find a buyer at desired price, can he find seller at a desired price, safety of his goods, personal safety, taxes, exchange rates of money, language barriers

Daily Life: India Caste system= created by the Aryans Determines a person’s occupation, economic potential, social statues…based on skin color Castes (from highest to lowest : Brahmans (priestly class), Kshatriyas (warrior class), Vaisyas (merchants), Sudras( made up most of the Indian population…they were the dark skinned natives the lighter-skinned Aryans had conquered…did manual labor) and the Untouchables( lowest rung/ performed degrading jobs…5%)

Daily Life: China Filial piety= family members family members must subordinate their needs and desires to the will of the male head of the family Warfare changed in China…armies used iron weapons and were divided into infantry and cavalry Peasants worked on land owned by aristocracy… silk was a major export China - Social Structure 1.) What were the social classes? King and Family = show virtue by doing service to their country and people

Nobles = receive land from king In return give loyalty and pay tribute of gifts and soldiers Peasants = lived on land controlled by nobles Farm, pay taxes with crops and service in army Compare Chinese peasants with European peasants. Both given use of land to farm if pay rent to landlords Rent = crops and labor Chinese farmers could leave if they were unhappy, not slaves European peasants couldn't leave, they were bought and sold with the land like slaves

Mandate of Heaven The belief that Heaven kept order in the universe through the Zhou king The king was expected to be virtuous and to rule in the proper way (Dao)

Belief Systems: Hinduism Based on Aryan beliefs Vedas= collection of hymns and ceremonies Religion of most of the Indian people Karma= the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how that a souls will be reincarnated. The present life is a reflection of one’s actions in the previous life. What people do in their current life determines what their next life will be

Teaches that one’s role in life is defined by one’s birth into a certain class (caste). Worship a multitude of gods and goddesses Dharma= divine law that requires all people to do their duty Yoga= was developed as a practice to achieve oneness with God

Basic Hindu Beliefs: 1.) 1. Vedas (scriptures) are God's word 2. One, all-pervasive Supreme Being, creator 3. universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution 4. Karma = law of cause and effect, each individual creates his own destiny 5. Immortal soul reincarnation (re = again, in, carne = flesh) until liberation achieved 6. personal worship creates communion with God 7. To reach liberation we need: personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage, self-inquiry, meditation, guru (guidance) 8. All life is sacred, to be loved, and revered, practice non-injury 9. No particular religion teaches the only way to salvation. All genuine religions are facets of God's pure love and deserve tolerance and understanding.

Belief Systems: Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama= founder of Buddhism Siddhartha lived a privileged, sheltered life among great wealth…he gave up his life to find the meaning of human suffering First an ascetic= practiced self-denial…almost died though Buddha= enlightened one

Rejects the human division of human beings, instead, teaches that all human beings can reach nirvana (ultimate reality) as a result of their behavior in this life Much simpler than Hinduism: forbidden to worship ANY god (even Buddha can’t be worshipped(more of a philosophy rather than a religion) Buddha believed that our thoughts create reality…He (Siddhartha Gautama) believed that the physical surrounding s of humans were simply illusions and that sorrow and suffering were the result of the attachments to the things of the world

Basic Buddhist Beliefs: 1.) Four Noble Truths 1. Dukkha: The reality and universality of suffering, causes by loss, sickness, pain, failure, Impermanence of pleasure 2. Samudaya: The cause of suffering is a desire to have and control things cravings, desire for fame, desire to avoid unpleasantness (trouble, fear, anger, jealousy) 3. Nirodha: Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvana mind experiences complete freedom, liberation, and nonattachment for cravings and desire 4. Magga: The eightfold path leads to the cessation of suffering

Five Precepts (similar to second half of Ten Commandments) 1 Five Precepts (similar to second half of Ten Commandments) 1. Do not kill. 2. Do not steal. 3. Do not lie. 4. Do not be unchaste. 5. Do not consume alcohol or other .

Eightfold Path Wisdom 1. Right understand of Four Noble Truths 2 Eightfold Path Wisdom 1. Right understand of Four Noble Truths 2. Right thinking, following the right path in life Morality 3. Right Speech - no lying, criticism, condemning, gossip, and harsh language 4. Right Conduct - follow the Five Precepts 5. Right livelihood - support yourself without harming others Concentration 6. Right Effort - promote good thoughts, conquer evil thoughts 7. Right Mindfulness - become aware of your body, mind, and feelings 8. Right Concentration - meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness

Belief Systems: Confucianism Confucius= the First Teacher of China Born 551 BC…motivated by Chinese society’s moral decay and violence His sayings were written down by his followers called the Analects His ideas were political and ethical; not spiritual: Most important duty is duty to parents Confucius believed that duty is expressed in the form of work ethic, in which individuals working hard to fulfill their duties enable society as a whole to prosper. Confucius also believed that rulers have a duty to set a good example…”kingly way” Confucius also held that humanity is a sense of compassion and empathy for others Confucian view of the Dao…the idea of humanity, consisting of a sense of compassion and empathy Belief that the government should be open to all men of superior talent