The Consonants Fricatives

Articulatory Description For consonants, three-part classification system: 1) Voicing 2) Place (of articulation) 3) Manner (of articulation) e.g., [v]: voiced labiodental fricative

1) voicing Voicing: what is happening at the LARYNX? Are the vocal folds spread apart (voiceless), or are they close together and vibrating (voiced)?

Voiceless Voiced [p] pat [b] bat [t] tie [d] die [k] kill [g] gill [f] fat [v] vat [s] sip [z] zip [T] thigh [D] thy [S] dilution [Z] delusion [tS] etch [dZ] edge

2) Place Place (of articulation): WHERE in the vocal tract is the constriction being made?

Places of articulation http://www.sil.org/Mexico/ling/Glosario/E005ci-PlacesArt.htm

3) Manner Manner (of articulation): HOW is the air being modified as it moves through the vocal tract?

Manner and Place of articulation Let’s take a look at the consonantal section of the IPA chart Which is “manner”? which is “place” LING3330 (1-28-09) 2-2-09

Fricatives Fricatives: They are sounds made by narrowing of the air passage until the air is interfered with and causes friction. * Friction is caused when air is pushed out the narrow opening.

labio-dental dental alveolar postalveolar Places of articulation: fricatives labio-dental dental alveolar postalveolar (palato-alveolar)

Fricatives in English /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/ Bilabial Labio dental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Fricative /f/ /v/ /θ/   /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/  /ʒ/ /h/

Features: unvoiced dental fricative think

Features: voiced dental fricative ð this

Uses upper teeth and tongue tip/blade. /θ/ /ð/ Uses upper teeth and tongue tip/blade. example Month: /mʌnθ/ Mouth: /maʊð/ Place of articulation dental voicing voiceless voiced strength Strong /tu:θ/ The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant. Weak /smu:ð/ the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant friction more less vowel Shortens the preceding vowel Lengthens the preceding vowel

Tips Practicing Ordinal numbers A: When is your birthday? Third, forth, fifth A: When is your birthday? B: July fourteenth. A: What street are you on? B: Northwest fifth street

Features: unvoiced labiodental fricative f fine, life

Features: voiced labiodental fricative v very clever

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2pRcsupLuI&feature =related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuR53xLtJDQ&featur e=related

Uses upper teeth and lower lip. /f/ /v/ Uses upper teeth and lower lip. example Place of articulation labiodental voicing voiceless voiced strength Strong The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant. Weak the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant friction more less vowel Shortens the preceding vowel Lengthens the preceding vowel

Features: unvoiced alveolar fricative s sea

Features: voiced alveolar fricative z zero

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2dHZnNHTdQ&feat ure=related

Uses alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade. /z/ Uses alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade. example sibilant Sibilant (sounds produced with a hissing sound) Place of articulation alveolar voicing voiceless voiced strength Strong The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant. Weak the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant friction more less vowel Shortens the preceding vowel Lengthens the preceding vowel

Features: unvoiced postalveolar fricative she, pressure

Features: voiced postalveolar fricative measure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qtPHW84a6o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MrswKHGzbg&featu re=related

Uses rear of alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade. [ʃ] [ʒ] Uses rear of alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade. example sibilant Sibilant (sounds produced with a hissing sound) Place of articulation Post-alveolar (palato - alveolar) voicing voiceless voiced strength Strong The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant. Weak the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant friction more less vowel Shortens the preceding vowel Lengthens the preceding vowel

ENGLISH FRICATIVES PLACE OF ARTICULATION a) dental b) labiodental c) alveolar d) palatoalveolar

Features: unvoiced glottal fricative h home

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUMVSsYPeUc&featu re=related

[h] Voiceless Glottal (produced in the glottis) Fricative Always followed by a vowels. /h/ pronounced according to the vowel that follows Between vowels the /h/ becomes voiced The /h/ never occurs at the end of English words.

Minimal word pair Same number of phonemes Different in one phoneme Same order of phonemes Different meanings end