Step 1: Memorize IPA - practice quiz today - real quiz on Tuesday (over consonants)! Phonology is about looking for patterns and arguing your assessment of those patterns (be clear, orderly and logical) Course calendar may change depending on you HW1 due Tues 1/17 – practice for Quiz Quiz 1 is on Tues 1/17; Quiz 2 on Thurs 1/19 About me, you and this course. Webpage: web.pdx.edu/~connjc

International Phonetic Alphabet Phonetics Review International Phonetic Alphabet Sound - symbol correspondence Transcription Download IPA font – see class website Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/

Phonetics Review Transcription International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Break away from spelling IPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence

English hen: Broad Narrow [hEn] [hE)n] Phonetics Review Transcription Broad transcription Narrow transcription (uses diacritics) English hen: Broad Narrow [hEn] [hE)n]

Phonetics Review Anatomy Oro-nasal process Phonation process Articulatory process The glottis = the space between the vocal folds voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy) Airstream process Link for vocal fold video 1 2

Phonetics Review Anatomy

Consonant articulation (Places of articulation) Phonetics Review Consonant articulation (Places of articulation) palate (palatal) velum (velar) alveolar ridge uvula (uvular) lips (labial) teeth (dental) places and manner of articulation video

Parts of the tongue Consonant articulation Phonetics Review Parts of the tongue Consonant articulation blade center back tip front root epiglottis (not tongue) places and manner of articulation video

Phonetics Review Consonants Liquids and glides also grouped together and called approximants say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation

Places of articulation (for English) Phonetics Review Places of articulation (for English) Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar also Glottal Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft Behind top Mouth Palate Teeth Bilabial Labiodental Palato-alveolar Interdental Post-alveolar

Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Phonetics Review Consonants Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop

Phonetics Review English Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation

English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left) Phonetics Review English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left) obstruents sonorants

Phonetics Review 11 Places Bilabial – stops, nasals and fricatives Labiodental - stops, nasals, frics, (and affricates [ pf ] )

Phonetics Review 11 Places CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates), nasals Dental

Phonetics Review 11 Places CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, nasals 4. Alveolars Apical = tip of tongue used Laminal = blade of tongue used

Phonetics Review 11 Places CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, nasals 5. Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up, articulation with underside of tongue (not manner because place is both where and what with tongue)

Phonetics Review 11 Places CORONAL sounds - frics, (affricates), Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside) Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-alveolar) - further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)

Phonetics Review 11 Places CORONAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates), nasals Palatal - made with front of tongue and tongue tip down (behind bottom teeth)

Phonetics Review 11 Places DORSAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates), nasals Velar Labial velars

Phonetics Review 11 Places DORSAL sounds - stops, frics, (affricates), nasals 9. Uvular – French ‘r’

Phonetics Review 11 Places DORSAL sounds - stops, frics – See Agul 10. Pharyngeal  11. Epiglottal

Phonetics Review Nasals, stops and fricatives (From Ladefoged & Johnson, 2011)

Phonetics Review MANNERS of Articulation Trills - articulator set in motion by the current of air Taps - up and down movement of top of tip of tongue Flaps - front and back movement of underside of tongue

Phonetics Review Laterals - approximants, fricatives

Phonetics Review

Phonetics Review

Phonetics Review

Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms: Phonetics Review Different from consonants A lot more variation (different dialects) Vowels are in a continuous space and gradient Described by tongue height and backness Also by rounding and tense/lax (sometimes not used) Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms: Height -- Back/Front -- Tense/lax -- Un/Rounded -- Vowel [i] = high front tense unrounded vowel Vowels (English)

Phonetics Review

Tense/lax or upper/lower height Vowels and vowel-like articulations Vowels - vowel space broken down even more than in English = high = upper mid = lower mid = low Tense/lax or upper/lower height

a Q Phonetics Review Vowel Chart Modified = high = high = upper mid = lower mid = lower mid = low = low

Phonetics Review How do vowels and consonants relate to each other in terms of place of articulation?

Phonetics Review How do vowels and consonants relate to each other in terms of place of articulation? Q a

Phonetics Review

Phonetics Review

Speech Production Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation) Assimilation Dissimilation Deletion Epenthesis Metathesis Vowel Reduction

Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards). Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward). Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride

Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless

Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant

Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound Nasalization - making vowel nasalized Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like)

Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation Two sounds become less alike Rare process

Articulatory Processes - Deletion Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts

Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts

Articulatory Processes - Metathesis Reordering of the sequence of segments

Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central Common reduced vowels in English: high central unrounded vowel

Articulatory processes - Review adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation) Assimilation - regressive or progressive Of voicing - voicing or devoicing Place of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilation Manner of articulation - nasalization, flapping Dissimilation - orange juice Deletion - fifs, husban Epenthesis - warmpth Metathesis - aks, pisghetti Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels

Read chapter 1 and refresh your IPA [fo nEkst taIm]: Read chapter 1 and refresh your IPA IPA Quiz 1 on consonants on Tues Jan 17! – Will be given the symbol and you need to match the descriptive terms IPA Quiz 2 on vowels on Thurs Jan 19! – same type of thing as quiz 1 We will finish Phonetics Review and start Ch 2 on Thursday HW = Phonetics IPA practice worksheet handed out on today and due Tues to help study for the quiz