1. Normal Aspects of Articulation

2. Definitions Phonetics Phonology Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phonetics Speech perception Phonemic transcription Phonetic transcription Phoneme Allophones

3. Allophone Types Complementary distribution - Free variation –

4. Articulation – Vowel Categorization – tongue position – lip configuration – tenseness

5. Tongue Position

6. Tongue height Tongue advancement

7. Vowel Quadrilateral

8. Empty vowel chart

9. Vowel Chart

10. Lip Configuration Roundness Retracted

11. Roundness

12. Tenseness Tense Lax

13. Tenseness

14. Diphthongs Dynamic sounds On-glide Off-glide

15. Consonants Classification Manner Place Voicing

16. IPA Consonant Chart

17. IPA Non-Pulmonic Consonant Chart

18. Consonants from book

19. Manner The way in which the air stream is modified.

20. Manner Stops(plosives) Fricatives Affricates Glides (semivowels) Liquids

21. Place Where in the vocal tract the constriction is located during the production of a sound

22. Place Bilabial Labiodental Interdental/linguadental Alveolar Palatal Velar glottal

23. Sound source Defined by how the sound generator (or sound source) is located during their production – Resonant Consonants All are voiced – Nasals – Liquids – Glides – Nonresonants/obstruents Airflow obstructed Sound source is the noise or turbulance – Stops – Fricatives – Affricates

24. Voicing

25. Suprasegmentals Stress – Important at the syllable level – Primary (superscript) and secondary stress (subscript) – Carried by the vowel Rise in fundamental frequency Vowel duration Relative intensity - loudness Sound quality (reduction to a schwa –weaker vowel) Disjuncture

26. Suprasegmetnals Intonation Loudness Juncture Pitch Speech rate Vowel reduction Clear versus conversational speech New versus given information Contrastive stress discourse Phrase-final lengthening Declination Lexical stress effects