1. Review of Catford

2. Know all IPA symbols presented in class

3. What are three components to speech?

4. What are three components to speech?
Initiation
Getting air moving
Articulation
Modifying the airstream with vocal tract
Phonation
Modifying vocal folds to produce different kinds of sounds

5. What causes initiation?

6. What causes initiation?
Lungs (pulmonic)
Glottis (glottalic)
Velum (velar)

7. What causes initiation?
Lungs (pulmonic)
Pulmonic pressure
Outward flow, most speech sounds
Pulmonic suction
Inward flow, Swedish ‘yes’

8. What causes initiation?
Velum (velaric)
Velaric suction
[ʘ, ||]
How do you produce?

9. What causes initiation?
Glottis (glottalic)
Glottalic pressure (ejectives)
[k’, t’, p’]
How do you produce?

10. What causes initiation?
Glottis (glottalic)
Glottalic pressure (ejectives)
[k’, t’, p’]
How do you produce?
Glottalic suction (implosives)
[ɓ, ɗ, ɠ]

11. Phonation
Deals with different states of the glottis

12. Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis
What is modal voice?

13. Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis
What is modal voice?
Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states)

14. Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis
What is modal voice?
Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states)
What causes voicing?

15. Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis
What is modal voice?
Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states)
What causes voicing?
Vocal folds held together and vibrate along entire length

16. Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis
What is modal voice?
Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states)
What causes voicing?
Vocal folds held together and vibrate along entire length
What causes voicelessness?

17. Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis
What is modal voice?
Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states)
What causes voicing?
Vocal folds held together and vibrate along entire length
What causes voicelessness?
Vocal folds apart, no vibration

18. Voicing Most vowels are voiced
Most sonorants ([l, m, r, n]) are voiced

19. Voicing Most vowels are voiced
Most sonorants ([l, m, r, n]) are voiced
When they aren’t we indicate it
[m̥]

20. Phonation (non-modal)
How is whisper produced?

21. Phonation (non-modal)
How is whisper produced?
How is creaky voice produced?

22. Phonation (non-modal)
How is whisper produced?
How is creaky voice produced?
How is glottal stop produced?

23. Phonation (non-modal)
How is whisper produced?
How is creaky voice produced?
How is glottal stop produced?
How is breathy voice produced?

24. Voice onset time
Define it

25. Voice onset time Define it
Time between release of stop and voicing of following vowel

26. Voice onset time Define it What sound is produced during VOT?
Time between release of stop and voicing of following vowel
What sound is produced during VOT?

27. Voice onset time Define it What sound is produced during VOT?
Time between release of stop and voicing of following vowel
What sound is produced during VOT?
[h] aspiration

28. Voice onset time
What is unaspirated stop?

29. Voice onset time
What is unaspirated stop?
Very short VOT

30. Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop?
Very short VOT
What is aspirated stop?

31. Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop?
Very short VOT
What is aspirated stop?
Long VOT

32. Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop?
Very short VOT
What is aspirated stop?
Long VOT
Which does English have?

33. Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop?
Very short VOT
What is aspirated stop?
Long VOT
Which does English have?
Both. Unaspirated after [s] (stand), otherwise aspirated

34. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops

35. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops
Fricatives

36. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops
Fricatives
Tap, flap

37. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops
Fricatives
Tap, flap
Trill

38. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops
Fricatives
Tap, flap
Trill
Approximant

39. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops
Fricatives
Tap, flap
Trill
Approximant
Semivowel

40. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Stops
Fricatives
Tap, flap
Trill
Approximant
Semivowel
****Resonant

41. Stricture types (manner of articulation)
Lateral vs. median airflow

42. Location (place of articulation)

43. Some test questions Fill in blanks in IPA
Given a symbol, give place, manner and glottal state
Given a place, manner, and glottal state, what is the symbol

44. Coordinate articulation
Two stops or fricatives pronounced at same time
[k͜p]

45. Secondary articulation
Adding another place to a consonant
Labialization [Cw]
Palatalization [Cj]
Velarization [ɫ] [Cɤ]
Pharyngalization [Cʕ]

46. Geminate
Definition?

47. Geminate Definition? Two indentical stops/fricatives together
Not across word boundaries

48. Geminate Definition? Two indentical stops/fricatives together
Not across word boundaries
Or, a long stop or fricative

49. Affricate Definition? A stop followed by fricative
Same place of articulation
Considered one sound/unit

50. 3 Vowel descriptors? Tongue height (closure)
Horizontal tongue position
Lip rounding

51. Test question Given a description of vowel, give symbol
Given vowel symbol, give description
Know cardinal vowels 1-16

52. Vowel formants
What is F0, fundamental frequency?

53. Vowel formants What is F0, fundamental frequency?
The vibration rate of vocal folds

54. Vowel formants What are harmonics?
Waves that are multiples of the F0 that are produced along with F0

55. Vowel formants
What are formants?

56. Vowel formants What are formants?
Groups of harmonics that are amplified by configuration of vocal tract

57. Vowel formants What are formants?
Groups of harmonics that are amplified by configuration of vocal tract

58. Vowel formants
What is relationship between F1 and vowels?

59. Vowel formants What is relationship between F1 and vowels?
F1 is low for high vowels and high for low vowels

60. Vowel formants
What is relationship between F2 and vowels?

61. Vowel formants What is relationship between F2 and vowels?
F2 is high for front vowels and low for back vowels

62. Vowel modifications
Nasalization
Rhotacism/retroflexion
Duration

63. What is stress?

64. What is stress? Greater volume (initiatory power) Higher pitch
Longer duration

65. What is are the parts of the syllable?

66. What is are the parts of the syllable?
Onset, nucleus, rhyme, coda

67. What is are the parts of the syllable?
Onset, nucleus, rhyme, coda
Be able to put sounds in a syllable into a syllable tree

68. What is tone?
Varying pitch on a syllable to vary meaning of word

69. What is intonation?
Varying pitch on a clause to vary pragmatic meaning of the clause