Social Context and Socioemotional Development Pertemuan 5 Matakuliah: E Psikologi Pendidikan Tahun: 2010

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Focus on the social contexts in which children live and the people who influence their development Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory consist of five environmental systems; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Bina Nusantara University 2

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory microsystem, is a setting which the individual spends considerable time, such as the student’s family, peers, school, and neighborhood mesosystem, linkages between microsytem. Examples are the connections between family experiences and school experiences and between family and peer. exosystem, is at work when experiences in another setting influence what students and teachers experience in the immediate context. Bina Nusantara University 3

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory macrosystem, involves the broader culture. Culture is very broad term that includes the roles of ethnicity and socioeconomic factor in children’s development Chronosystem, includeds the sociohistorical conditions of students’ development. Ex; the lives of children today are different in many ways from when their parents and grandparents were children. Bina Nusantara University 4

Evaluating Bronfenbrenner’s Theory Its give too little attention to biological and cognitive factors in children’s development. The theory does not address the step-by-step development changes that are the focus of theories such as piaget’s and Erikson’s. Bina Nusantara University 5

6 Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory StagesDevelopmental period Age Integrity vs despairLate adulthood60s onward Generativity vs stagnation Middle adulthood40s – 50s Intimacy vs isolationEarly adulthood20s – 30s Identity vs identity confusion adolescence10s- 20s Industry vs inferiorityMidle and late childhood 6 – puberty Initiative vs guiltEarly childhood3-5 Autonomy vs shame and doubt infancy1-3 Tust vs mistrustinfancy0-1

Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory Tust versus mistrust; fist psychosocial stage, it occurs in the first year of life. The development of trust requires warm, nurturing caregiving. The positive outsome is a feeling of comfort and minimal fear. Mistrust develops when infants are treated too negatively or are ignored Autonomy versus shame and doubt; it occurs in late infancy and the toddler years. After gaining trust in their caregivers, infant begin to discover that their behavior is their own. If infant are restrained too much or punished too harsly, they develop a sense of shame and doubt Bina Nusantara University 7

Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory Initiative versus guilt, it corresponds to early childhood, about 3-5 years of age. In this stage, adult expect children to become more responsible including taking care of their bodies and belongings. Developing a sense of responsibility increases initiative. Children develop uncomfortable guilt feeling if they are irresponsible or are made to feel too anxious. Industry versus inferiority, it corresponds to elementary school years, about 6 years to puberty. The children direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, they more anthusias in learning. The danger in this stage is developing a sense of inferiority, unproductiveness, and incompetence. Bina Nusantara University 8

Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory Identity versus identity confusion, it corresponds to the adolescent years. They try to find out who they are, what they are all about, where they are going in life. They need to be allowed to explore different paths to attain a healthy identity. If adolescents do not adequately explore different roles and don’t carve out a positive puture path, they can remain confused about their identity Intimacy versus isolation, 20s – 30s year. The developmental task is to form positive close relationships with others. The hazard is that one will fail to form an intimate relationship and become socially isolated. Bina Nusantara University 9

Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory Generativity versus stagnation, the 40s – 50s year. Generativity means transmitting something positive to the next generation. Stagnation means the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation Integrity versus despair, 60s untill death. Older adult review their lives, reflecting on what they have done. If the retrospective evaluations are positive, they develop a sense of integrity. In contrast, older become despairing if their backward glances are mainly negative. Bina Nusantara University 10