1. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 1 CHAPTER 3 Social Contexts and Socioemotional Development

2. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 2 1.1 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory The primary focus of Bronfenbrenner’s Theory is the social contexts in which children live and the people who influence their development.

3. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 3 1.4 Erikson’s Life-Span Development Theory Development proceeds in stages. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge or crisis. Stages reflect the motivation of the individual.

4. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 4 1.5 Erikson’s Human Development Stages STAGE & AGE 1.Trust vs. Mistrust 0–2 years 2.Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 2–4 years 3.Initiative vs. Guilt 4–6 years PROCESSES Developed through consistent love and support. Independence fostered by support and encouragement. Developed by exploring and accepting challenges

5. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5 1.6 Erikson’s Stages (Cont’d) STAGE & AGE 4.Industry vs. Inferiority 6–8 years 5.Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence 6.Intimacy vs. Isolation Early adult years PROCESSES Mastery comes from success and recognition Exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity Form positive, close relationships with others

6. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 6 1.7 Erikson’s Stages (Cont’d) STAGE & AGE 7.Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood 8.Integrity vs. Despair Late Adulthood PROCESSES Transmitting something positive to the next generation Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past

7. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7 2.5 Family and School Linkages Share child-rearing skills, the importance of family involvement, and facts on adolescent development. Encourage family involvement in school decision- Making through PTO/PTA boards, volunteerism councils, and organizations. Assignments that involve the family in at-home learning activities. Frequent and positive communication.

8. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 8 2.7 Peer Status Neglected Infrequently “best friend” Are not disliked Rejected Seldom “best friend” Often disliked Controversial Frequently “best friend” Often disliked Popular Listen carefully Act like themselves Show enthusiasm Are happy

9. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 9 3.12 Adolescent Challenges Substance abuse –81% of students in a Manitoba sample reported drinking alcohol in the past year Extreme Peer Harassment, Bullying and Violence –Policies such as corporal punishment and expulsion have not been effective in reducing these behaviours –Many youth give clear indications of future violence but are not taken seriously or are largely ignored

10. Copyright © 2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2004 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 10 3.13 Adolescent Challenges Pregnancy and STDs –Between 47% and 69% of youth are sexually active –Most do not use contraceptives consistently or reliably –Many adolescents have misconceptions about STDs, sexuality, and safer-sex practises Truancy and School Dropout –High school graduates have more job prospects and fewer problem behaviours than dropouts –Dropout rates in Canada have declined. From 1981 to 1993, dropouts among youth living in poverty declined from 23% to 8%; for those not living in poverty, rates dropped from 14% to 5%