Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Psychodynamic Stages AgeErikson’s StageFreud’s Stage First Year Basic Trust versus Mistrust Oral Second Year Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Anal

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 First Appearance of Basic Emotions Happiness Smile – from birth Social smile – 6 to 10 weeks Laugh – 3–4 months Anger General distress – from birth Anger – 4–6 months Fear First fears – second half of first year Stranger Anxiety – 8–12 months

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Understanding Emotions of Others Emotional Contagion Early infancy Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions 7 – 10 months Social Referencing

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Self-Conscious Emotions Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride Emerge middle of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel them

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Emotional Self-Regulation Young infants rely in caregivers to soothe them. Self-regulation grows over fist year, with brain development. Caregivers contribute to child’s self- regulation style.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Structure of Temperament Easy – 40% Difficult – 10% Slow-to-warm-up – 15% Unclassified – 35%

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Biological Basis for Temperament Inhibited, Shy React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli High heart rates, stress hormones, & stress symptoms Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity. Uninhibited, Sociable React positively, approach new stimuli Low hear rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Genetics and Environment in Temperament Genetic Influences Responsible for about half of individual differences Ethnicity, gender Environmental Influences Cultural caregiving styles Boys & girls treated differently Parents emphasize sibling differences Goodness-of-Fit Combines genetics and environment

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Ethological Theory of Attachment Preattachment phase Attachment-in-the- making phase Phase of clear-cut attachment Separation anxiety Formation of a reciprocal relationship

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Measuring the Security of Attachment Secure – 65% Avoidant – 20% Resistant – 10% Disorganized- disoriented – 5–10%

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Cultural Variations in Attachment Security

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Factors that Affect Attachment Security Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiving Interactional synchrony Infant characteristics Family circumstances Parents’ internal working models

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Multiple Attachments Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional caregivers

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Attachment and Later Development Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: Preschool Middle childhood Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care Initial Attachment Quality Family Circumstances Quality of Child Care Developmentally Appropriate Practice Extent of Child Care

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 I-Self and Me-Self I-Self Sense of self as agent Separate from surrounding world Can control own thoughts and actions Me-Self Sense of self as object of knowledge and evaluation Qualities that make self unique: Physical characteristics Possessions Attitudes, beliefs, personality

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Self-Control Ability to resist impulses Emerges around 18 months Improves through early childhood Individual differences are lasting: Gender Sensitive caregiving

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Compliance Understanding and obeying caregivers’ wishes and standards Emerges between 12 and 18 months Toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying Warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control Respond with sensitivity and support Give advance notice of change in activities Offer many prompts and reminders Reinforce self-controlled behavior Encourage sustained attention Support language development Increase rules gradually