1. Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years
Chapter 8

2. First Appearance of Basic Emotions
Happiness
Smile – from birth
Social smile – 6 to 10 weeks
Laugh – 3–4 months
Anger
General distress – from birth
Anger – 4–6 months
Sadness
Distress to “still face” – 2–7 mos.
Fear
First fears – 6–12 months
Stranger Anxiety – 8–12 months

3. Understanding Emotions of Others
Emotional Contagion
Early infancy
Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions
7–10 months
Social Referencing - Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it
Babies look at their caregivers upon encountering a new person or toy

4. Self-Conscious Emotions
Shame
Embarrassment
Guilt
Envy
Pride
Emerge middle of second year
Need adult instruction about when to feel them

5. Emotional Self-Regulation
Young infants rely in caregivers to soothe them.
Self-regulation grows over fist year, with brain development.
Caregivers contribute to child’s self- regulation style.

6. Developmental Issues in Infancy
Developing Trust
According to Erikson (1950), early experiences are the keytrust vs. mistrust
Sensitive, responsive, consistent caregiving develops trust

7. The foundation of personality…
Temperament

8. Structure of Temperament
Kagan – Infant’s temperament video
Easy – 40%
Difficult – 10%
Slow-to-warm-up – 15%
Unclassified – 35%

9. Genetics and Environment in Temperament
Genetic Influences
Responsible for about half of individual differences
Ethnicity, gender
Environmental Influences
Cultural caregiving styles
Boys & girls treated differently
Parents emphasize sibling differences
Goodness
Of Fit
Combines genetics and environment
Goal is to create environments that recognize temp & encourage more active functioning

10. Developmental Issues in Infancy
Developing Attachments – video (Bowlby & Ainsworth)
Secure attachment: baby cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and greets the caregiver happily upon his or her return
Avoidant attachment: baby rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact upon his or her return
Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: baby becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return

11. Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment
Recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival (4 phases)
Preattachment
Attachment-in-the-making
Clear-cut attachment
Separation anxiety
Formation of a reciprocal relationship *VIDEOS*

12. Measuring the Security of Attachment
Secure – 65%
Avoidant – 20%
Resistant – 10%
Disorganized-
disoriented – 5–10%

13. Cultural Variations in Attachment Security

14. Factors that Affect Attachment Security
Opportunity for attachment
Quality of caregiving
Interactional synchrony
Infant characteristics
Family circumstances
Parents’ internal working models

15. Multiple Attachments Fathers Siblings Grandparents
Professional caregivers

16. Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care
Initial Attachment Quality
Family Circumstances
Quality of Child Care
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
Extent of Child Care

17. Attachment and Later Development
Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in:
Preschool
Middle childhood
Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development.

18. Contact With Other Children
Siblings
Rivalry is often present, as is affection
The more securely attached siblings are to their parents, the better they get along with each other

19. Contact With Other Children
Sociability With Nonsiblings
Some children are more sociable than others, due to such temperamental traits as mood, readiness to accept new people, and ability to adapt to change

20. Children of Working Parents
Effects of Parental Employment
Maternal employment benefits children in low-income families by increasing the family's resources
One longitudinal study showed negative effects on cognitive development at 15 months to 3 years when mothers went to work 30 or more hours a week by a child’s ninth month

21. Children of Working Parents
The Impact Of Early Child Care
Most important element in the quality of care is the caregiver; stimulating interactions with responsive adults are crucial to early cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial development