1. Infancy
Chapter 6

2. Socioemotional Development
Emotions- feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important
Positive or negative
Biological but also embedded in relationships and culture
.... Providing diversity in emotional experiences
Primary - early on... Like joy, anger, sadness, fear
Self-conscious - Self-Awareness, with a sense of 'me"....jealousy, empathy and embarrassment

3. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Infant communication of emotions
Permits coordinated interactions with caregivers
Beginning of emotional bond
Mutually Regulated (reciprocal or synchronous)
Parents change emotional expressions in response to infants
Infants modify their emotional expression in response to parents

4. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Crying (most important communication)
Basic Cry - Rhythmic pattern
Anger Cry - Variation of the basic cry
Pain Cry- Sudden long
Smiling (key social signal)
Reflexive - not in response to stimuli
Social smile- in response to an external stimulus

5. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Fear - (typically appears around 6 months)
But can appear as early as 3 months in abused or neglected infants
Research - infant fear is linked to guild, empathy, and low aggression at 6-7 years of age.

6. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Stranger Anxiety (frequent expression of fear)
Fear and wariness of strangers
Usually about 6-12 months
Less when in familiar setting
Less fearful of child strangers
Less fearful of friendly, outgoing, smiling strangers

7. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Separation Anxiety
Fear of being separated from caregivers
6-12 months
Separation protest - crying when the caregiver leaves

8. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Emotional Regulation- infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions
Thumb sucking
Caregivers soothing, such as rocking, lullabies, stroking
Influencing infants' regulation of emotions
Sooner the better

9. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Research - Spoiling cannot happen in first year.
Parents should soothe a crying infant
Helping infant develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiver

10. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Temperament-individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
How quickly the emotion is shown,
How strong it is
How long it lasts, how quickly it fades away

11. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Temperament (Chess and Thomas' Classification) - moderately stable across childhood years.
Easy child -generally positive, adapts easily
Difficult child - generally negative, cries frequently, slow to accept change
Slow-to-warm-up child- low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood

12. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Biological Foundations, Kagan......
Children inherit a particular type of temperament
Through experience they may learn to modify their temperament to some degree

13. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Gender and Temperament
Shapes environmental context that influences temperament
Parental reactions may be different for boys vs girls
Culture and Temperament
May vary with parents from different groups
Childs environment can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics

14. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Goodness of Fit and Parenting- Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope
Active child in quiet environment
Slow to warm child in a new environment
.... Can cause parenting challenges

15. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Parenting and the Child's Temperament"
Attention to and respect for individuality
Structuring the Child's environment
Understanding 'difficult child'
Be sensitive to the individual characteristics of the child
Be flexible in responding to these characteristics
Avoid apply negative label to the child (avoiding self- fulfilling prophecy)

16. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Personality Development
Personality--the enduring personal characteristics of individuals
Emotions and temperament form key aspects of personality
Trust (Eriksons. Trust vs Mistrust)
Developing Sense of Self. (Self recognition and self- awareness)
Independence (autonomy vs. shame)

17. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Social Orientation
Face-to-face play - linked to secure attachment
Interaction with peers (18-24 months) - increase their imitative and reciprocal play

18. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Locomotion
Influences exploration and expanding social world
Allows more independent social interchanges
The rewards from these pursuits lead to further efforts to explore and develop skills

19. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Social referencing
Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
By end of second year... They tend to check with their mother before the act

20. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Attachment
A close emotional bond between two people
Securely attached babies-caregiver is a secure base to explore the environment
Insecure avoidant babies-show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver (clinging anxiously or resisting,
Insecure disorganized babies-show insecurity by begin disorganized and disoriented (dazed, confused, extreme fearful)- stronger avoidance and resistance

21. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
The Family
Constellation of subsystems (Generational, Gender, Role)
Father and child
Mother and father
Mother, father, child
Etc.
All with reciprocal influences

22. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
The Family
Transition to Parenthood
Disequilibrium and adaptation
New family effects on attachments
Other friends
Careers
Each other
Own interests
etc

23. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Reciprocal Socialization- mutual influence that parents and children exert on each other
Socialization that is bidirectional
Children socialize parents
Parents socialize children

24. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Scaffolding- A type of Reciprocal Socialization
Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with parents
Parental behavior support the child with positive reciprocal feedback
Skill building
Peek-a-boo, pat-a cake, etc

25. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Managing and Guiding Behavior
To reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors
Includes, child-proofing the environment
And corrective methods such as throwing objects, fussing, crying
Diverting Attention, reasoning, ignoring, negotiating
Harsh physical punishment can be harmful and progressive

26. Emotional Expression and Social Relationships
Child Care (economic issues0
Quality child care can be achieved and seems to have few adverse effects on children.
Safe environments,
with age appropriate toys and activities
Low caregiver-to child ratio
Research - Higher-quality child care. Was linked with fewer problems in children