1. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

2. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Psychosocial Stages During Infancy and Toddlerhood Erikson’s StageNeeded from Caregivers Basic trust vs. mistrust (first year)  Responsiveness  Sympathetic, loving balance of care Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (second year)  Suitable guidance and reasonable choices  Reasonable expectations for impulse control

3. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. First Appearance of Basic Emotions Happiness  Smile: from birth  Social smile: 6–10 weeks  Laugh: 3–4 months Anger and sadness  General distress: from birth  Anger: 4–6 months  Sadness: response to disrupted caregiver–infant communication Fear  First fears: second half of first year  Stranger anxiety: most frequent expression of fear

4. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Matching feeling tone of caregiver  Sensitivity to structure and timing of face-to-face interactions: 3–4 months  Social referencing: 8–10 months Responding to Emotions of Others © Dragon Images/Shutterstock

5. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Reliance on a trusted person’s emotional reactions to appraise an uncertain situation  Used by caregivers to teach children how to react to everyday events © alexpro9500/Shutterstock Social Referencing

6. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Appear between ages 1½ and 3 years:  Shame  Embarrassment  Guilt  Pride  Envy  Require  awareness of self as separate and unique  adult instruction in when to feel emotions Self-Conscious Emotions © denys_kuvaiev/Fotolia

7. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Adjusting one’s own state of emotional intensity  Requires effortful control  Improves over first year, with brain development  Caregivers  contribute to child’s self-regulation style  teach socially approved ways of expressing feelings © Caroline RW/Shutterstock Emotional Self-Regulation

8. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Easy: 40%  Difficult: 10%  Slow-to-warm-up: 15%  Unclassified: 35% © Gabriela Insuratelu/Shutterstock Thomas and Chess Structure of Temperament

9. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Reactivity: quickness and intensity of  emotional arousal  attention  motor activity  Self-regulation: strategies that modify reactivity © ryanking999/Fotolia Rothbart Structure of Temperament

10. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biological Basis of Inhibited Temperament  Neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability:  heart rate  saliva concentration of cortisol  pupil dilation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature  Persistence of temperamental style is influenced by child-rearing practices

11. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stability is  low in infancy and toddlerhood  moderate from preschool years on  Temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after age 3 years © Serhiy Kobyakov/Shuttterstock Stability of Temperament

12. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Heredity and Environment in Temperament Genetic influences  Responsible for about half of individual differences  Vary with trait and age of individuals studied Environmental influences  Nutrition  Quality of caregiving  Cultural variations  Gender stereotyping  Role of siblings

13. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Interaction between temperament and child-rearing style  Effective child rearing: good fit with child’s temperament  Role of cultural context © Sunny studio-Igor Yaruta/Shutterstock Goodness-of-Fit

14. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Shyness and Adjustment in China Figure 6.1 (Adapted from Chen et al., 2005.)

15. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Preattachment  Attachment-in-the- making phase  Clear-cut attachment phase  separation anxiety  Reciprocal relationship with caregiver © oksix/Shutterstock Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment

16. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Secure: 60%  Avoidant: 15%  Resistant: 10%  Disorganized/ disoriented: 15% © Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock Measuring Attachment Security

17. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cultural Variations in Attachment Security Figure 6.2 (Adapted from van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988; van Ijzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008.)

18. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Early availability of consistent caregiver  Quality of caregiving:  sensitive caregiving  interactional synchrony in Western cultures  Infant characteristics  Family circumstances  Parents’ internal working models Factors That Affect Attachment Security

19. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Fathers  Siblings  Grandparents  Professional caregivers © MNStudio/Shutterstock Multiple Attachments

20. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Often expressed through play  Promoted by  time spent in physical proximity to babies  intimacy and cooperation between parents © Elena Yakusheva/Shutterstock Role of Paternal Warmth

21. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Majority of children have siblings  Arrival of new baby can be stressful for older siblings  Siblings typically develop rich emotional relationship  Certain temperamental traits (high emotional reactivity) increase likelihood of sibling conflict Siblings and Attachment

22. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Secure attachment is related to later cognitive, emotional, social competence  Continuity of caregiving promotes favorable development © michaeljung/Fotolia Attachment and Later Development

23. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Development Self- awareness  From birth  Aided by capacity for intermodal perception Self- recognition  Emerges end of second year  Promoted by acting on environment and noting effects Empathy  Ability to “feel with” another person  Aided by self-awareness and advancing cognitive, language, and social skills

24. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nso and Greek Toddlers’ Self-Recognition and Compliance Figure 6.4 (Adapted from Keller et al., 2004.)

25. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Classifying self and others into social categories on basis of  age  physical characteristics  goodness vs. badness  Used to organize behavior, including gender-typed behavior © Andrew Taylor/Shutterstock Categorical Self

26. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Effortful control is the capacity to  inhibit impulses  manage negative emotions  behave in socially acceptable ways  Depends on  awareness of self as separate, autonomous being  confidence in directing own actions  memory for caregiver’s directives Self-Control

27. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Emerges between 12 and 18 months  Awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations  Ability to obey simple requests and commands  Leads to first consciencelike verbalizations  Delay of gratification: between ages 1½ and 3 years © BlueOrange Studio/Shutterstock Compliance

28. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Respond with sensitivity and support.  Give advance notice of change in activities.  Offer many prompts and reminders.  Reinforce self-controlled behavior.  Encourage sustained attention.  Support language development.  Increase rules gradually. Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control

29. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.